Table 1.
Prevalence of circulating autoantibodies in patients with COVID-19 disease.
| Study | Reference number | Country | Patients | Mean/median age (years) | Proportion of males | Autoantibodies |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pascolini et al. | 18 | Italy | 33 referred patients | 70 (range 22–90) | 52% | ANA detected by IFA on HEp-2 cells (33%), anti-histone antibody detected by immunoblot (3%), but negative for autoantibodies against Sm and RNP/Sm, RNP70, A, and C, SSA-Ro52, SSA-Ro60, SSB, Scl-70, PM-Scl, Jo-1, CENP-B, PCNA, dsDNA, nucleosomes, ribosomal P protein, and M2 detected by immunoblot, ANCA detected by IFA, and anti-PR3 and anti-MPO antibodies detected by FEIA |
| Schiaffino et al. | 19 | Spain | 53 hospitalized patients | 64 (IQR 24–91) | 58% | ANA detected by unknown method (3.8%), IgG/M autoantibodies against hepatocytes and gastric glandular cells detected by IFA on rat kidney/stomach/liver (23%) |
| Vlachoyiannopoulos et al. | 20 | Greece | 29 ICU patients | 64 (range 43–85) | 72% | ANA detected by unknown method (34.5%), anti-CCP detected by ELISA (3.5%), c-ANCA detected by immunofluorescence (6.9%), and p-ANCA detected by immunofluorescence (6.9%), but negative for anti-ENA detected by immunoblot, and anti-dsDNA, anti-PR3 and anti-MPO antibodies detected by ELISA |
| Vojdani et al. | 17 | USA | 5 patients | N.A. | N.A. | ANA, anti-ENA, anti-actin and anti-mitochondrial antibodies detected by unknown methods (60%), but negative for anti-dsDNA antibody and RF detected by unknown methods |
| Zhou et al. | 21 | China | 21 ICU patients | 66 (SD 13) | 62% | ANA (50%), anti–Ro52 (20%), anti–Ro60 (25%), anti-Scl-70 (5%), and anti-U1-RNP antibodies (5%), but negative for autoantibodies against Jo-1, centromere B, SmD1, SSB and dsDNA (all detected by chemiluminescence immunoassay) |
ANA, antinuclear antibody; CCP, cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody; COVID-19, the coronavirus disease 2019; c-ANCA, cytoplasmic anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody; dsDNA, double-stranded DNA; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; ENA, extractable nuclear antigen; FEIA, fluorescent-enzyme immuno-assay; ICU, intensive care unit; IFA, indirect immunofluorescence assay; IQR, interquartile range; MPO, myeloperoxidase; N.A., not available; p-ANCA, perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody; PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen; PR3, proteinase 3; RF, rheumatoid factor; RNP, ribonucleoprotein; SD, standard deviation.