Table 1. Clinical studies conducted in some dietary components in prostate cancer.

Dietary component	Finding	Reference
Vitamin E	↓Risk of prostate cancer and aggressive disease	[50]
	↓PSA serum levels in recurrent prostate cancer patients	[51]
	Maintain stable disease and median progression-free survival of 2.8 months in patients with castrate-resistant prostate cancer	[52]
	↑Risk of prostate cancer (>7 times/wk)	[53]
	↑High-grade of prostate cancer	[54]
	No effect on prostate cancer and BPH	[55,56]
Carotenoids	↑Incidence of prostate cancer (20 mg/d)	[60]
	Not associated with prostate cancer (30 mg or 50 mg)	[61,62]
	Not associated with prostate cancer	[50]
Vitamin D	↑Prostate cancer in certain subpopula-tions (<20 ng/mL)	[65]
	↓Aggressive prostate cancer	[66]
	↓Risk of prostate cancer	[67]
	↓IL-8 and CRP in patients with prostate cancer
	↓CRP in prostate cancer patients	[68]
	↑Risk of prostate cancer	[70]
Zinc	↑4.36-fold of developing fatal prostate cancer	[53]
Selenium	↓Prostate cancer susceptibility	[72]
	↓Risk of aggressive prostate cancer	[73]
	No effect	[74,75]
Flavonoids	↓Prostate cancer	[76]
Dietary fiber	↓Total and advanced prostate cancer	[77,78,79,80]
	No effect	[81,82]

PSA: prostate-specific antigen, BPH: benign prostatic hyperplasis, IL: interleukin, CRP: C-reactive protein.