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. 2021 Mar 25;12:1876. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-22166-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Glutamine entry into the TCA cycle is reduced in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells. Mass isotopomer analysis of TCA cycle metabolites in mock or SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero kidney epithelial cells after 24 h incubation with U-¹³C-glutamine. Each isotopomer is a different color, which is defined in the figure. P values compare the total fraction labeled between mock and SARS-CoV-2 infected cells (n = 3 biologically independent samples). b The oxidative TCA cycle is decreased in SARS-CoV-2 infected (red bars) Vero cells after 24 h infection compared with mock infected (gray bars) Vero cells (n = 3 biologically independent samples). c The reductive TCA cycle is maintained in SARS-CoV-2 infected (red bars) Vero cells compared with mock infected (gray bars) Vero cells after 24 h infection (n = 3 biologically independent samples). d Levels of αKGC members OGDH and DLD are reduced in SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero cells (representative of two biological independent samples). e Glucose-derived carbon entry into the TCA cycle is increased in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells. Mass isotopomer analysis of TCA cycle metabolites in mock or SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero kidney epithelial cells after 24 h incubation with U-¹³C-glucose. Each isotopomer is a different color, which is defined in the figure. P values compare the total fraction labeled between mock and SARS-CoV-2 infected cells (n = 3 biologically independent samples). f Glucose-derived carbon entry into the TCA cycle using PC is increased in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells. Fraction of labeled metabolites in mock (gray bars) or SARS-CoV-2 infected (red bars) Vero cells after 24 h incubation with 3-¹³C-glucose (n = 3 biologically independent samples). g Levels of PDH complex members are decreased in SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero cells (representative of two biological independent samples). h Schematic of the changes in TCA cycle metabolism in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells. Glutamine entry is reduced (blue arrow) and pyruvate entry using PC is increased (red arrow). Unless indicated, data are the mean ± s.e.m. and P values were obtained by two-way ANOVA with Sidak’s multiple comparison test.