Table 1.

Calibrations used for dating the eukaryote tree of life.

Clade	Age constraint (Ma)	Type	Eon	Refs.
Rhodophytaa	1600	Min	Proterozoic	24
Bangiophyceae/Florideophyceae	1600	Max	Proterozoic	b
Bangiophyceae/Florideophyceae	1047	Min	Proterozoic	23,90
Metazoa	833	Max	Proterozoic	91
Ciliophoraa	740	Min	Proterozoic	92
Euglyphidaea	736	Min	Proterozoic	93,94
Evosea/Tubulineaa	736	Min	Proterozoic	94,95
Tubulinea	736	Max	Proterozoic	b
Chlorophytaa	700	Min	Proterozoic	96
Eumetazoa	636	Max	Proterozoic	91
Deuterostomia	636	Max	Proterozoic	91
Chordata	636	Max	Proterozoic	91
Bilateria	636	Max	Proterozoic	91
Arthropoda	636	Max	Proterozoic	91
Metazoa	635	Min	Proterozoic	32
Eumetazoa	550	Min	Proterozoic	91
Bilateria	550	Min	Proterozoic	91
Mollusca	549	Max	Proterozoic	91
Foraminiferaa	542	Min	Proterozoic	97,98
Bacillariophyta	541	Max	Proterozoic	99
Embryophyta	540	Max	Phanerozoic	20,100
Mollusca	532	Min	Phanerozoic	91
Deuterostomia	515	Min	Phanerozoic	91
Chordata	514	Min	Phanerozoic	91
Arthropoda	514	Min	Phanerozoic	91
Embryophyta	470	Min	Phanerozoic	101
Angiosperms/Gymnosperms	470	Max	Phanerozoic	b
Euglenales/Eutreptialesa	450	Min	Phanerozoic	102
Chytridiomycotaa	410	Min	Phanerozoic	103,104
Tubulinea	405	Min	Phanerozoic	105
Ascomycotaa	400	Min	Phanerozoic	106
Angiosperms/Gymnosperms	385	Min	Phanerozoic	107
Angiosperms	385	Max	Phanerozoic	b
Basidiomycotaa	360	Min	Phanerozoic	108
Amniota	333	Max	Phanerozoic	91
Amniota	318	Min	Phanerozoic	91
Core dinoflagellates (excl. Noctilucales)	300	Max	Phanerozoic	49
Coccolithales/Isochrysidales	260	Max	Phanerozoic	49
Core dinoflagellates (excl. Noctilucales)	235	Min	Phanerozoic	109
Peridiniales	235	Max	Phanerozoic	b
Gonyaulacales	235	Max	Phanerozoic	b
Coccolithales/Isochrysidales	225	Min	Phanerozoic	110
Calcidiscaceae/Coccolithaceae	225	Max	Phanerozoic	b
Peridiniales	210	Min	Phanerozoic	109
Gonyaulacales	200	Min	Phanerozoic	109
Bacillariophyta	190	Min	Phanerozoic	99
Pennales	190	Max	Phanerozoic	b
Euarchontoglires	165	Max	Phanerozoic	91
Angiosperms	130	Min	Phanerozoic	111
Eudicotyledons (Tricoplates)	130	Max	Phanerozoic	b
Eudicotyledons (Tricoplates)	124	Min	Phanerozoic	112,113
Aves sensu stricto	87	Max	Phanerozoic	91
Pennales	75	Min	Phanerozoic	99
Aves sensu stricto	66	Min	Phanerozoic	91
Calcidiscaceae/Coccolithaceae	65	Min	Phanerozoic	114,115
Euarchontoglires	61	Min	Phanerozoic	91

^aMax = 1900 Ma was used; see for example Knoll¹¹⁶ and Eme et al.⁴⁸.

^bMax based on Min age of ancestor.