Table 3.

Metabolic changes in human plasma and chemical shift of ¹H NMR profiles (predose-T₀ vs postdose-T_1h comparison). The validity of the models was evaluated using permutation p-values with R²X and Q²Y values.

Metabolite	Chemical shift	OPLS-DA models Predose (T0) vs MH (T1h)
		R2X = 93.63% Q2Y = 0.4861 Permutation p-value = 0.004
O-Succinyl-L-homoserine	1.85 (m); 2.06 (m); 2.47 (d); 2.52 (m); 3.65 (m); 4.24 (dd)	-0.7492
Homocarnosine	3.17 (dd); 3.21 (t); 4.48 (m); 7.01 (s); 7.90 (s)	-0.7315
Choline	3.21 (s); 3.52 (m); 4.07 (m)	-0.7114
L-homoserine	2.03 (m); 2.16 (m); 3.79 (m); 3.86 (dd)	+ 0.7645
Citrulline	1.58(m); 1.88(m); 3.15(t); 3.76(t)	-0.6722

( +) indicates metabolite that was higher in pre-dose group, whereas (−) indicates higher metabolites at post-dose (T_1h) after multiple oral dosing of the modified ECa 233 at 500 mg. permutation p-value obtained from n = 1000 permutation tests.

s singlet, d doublet, dd double of doubles, t triplet, m multiplet, m multiplet.