. 2021 Mar 25;11:6905. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-86450-5

Table 3.

Characteristics of gametocyte containing infections missed (not detected) by RDT screening at baseline.

Predictor	N gametocyte positive	N RDT negative	Weighted† proportion not detected by RDT	Bivariate association*		Multivariable association*
Predictor	N gametocyte positive	N RDT negative	Weighted† proportion not detected by RDT	OR [95% CI]	p-value	OR [95% CI]	p-value
Site/school^a
Bvumbwe	19	8	0.40	Ref	0.059	Ref.^g	0.01
Ngowe	25	4	0.15	0.27 [0.05–1.4]		0.21 [0.04–1.2]
Maseya	71	15	0.19	0.34 [0.10–1.2]		0.25 [0.06–0.98]
Makhuwira	65	10	0.10	0.16 [0.04–0.60]		0.09 [0.02–0.38]
Season
Rainy	103	15	0.10	Ref
Dry	77	22	0.23	2.9 [1.2–7.0]	0.02
Age (per year increase)	180	37	–^b	1.1 [0.96–1.3]	0.13
Gametocyte density (log10)	180	37	–^c	0.76 [0.64–0.90]	0.002	0.76 [0.64–0.90]	0.002
Sex
Male	92	16	0.13	Ref	0.25
Female	88	21	0.20	1.6 [0.71–3.7]
Hemoglobin
Not anemic	138	31	0.17	Ref	0.85
Anemic^d	41	6	0.13	0.90 [0.30–2.7]
Fever status^e
Afebrile	78	20	0.21	Ref	0.36
Febrile	102	17	0.12	0.68 [0.30–1.6]
Recent treatment^f
Not treated	169	36	0.17	Ref	0.41
Treated	10	1	0.07	0.41 [0.05–3.4]
Slept under a net^h
No	102	17	0.13	Ref	0.42
Yes	74	18	0.17	1.4 [0.59–3.5]

^†Survey weights were calculated for each stratum, defined as each grade within each school (details in Supplemental Information).

* Obtained in a survey weighted logistic regression of gametocyte-containing infections with the outcome of RDT negativity. All analyzed variables are shown in the table.

OR = Odds Ratio; CI = Confidence Interval. Bold values are statistically significant for p-values < 0.05.

^aUnivariate association for school, all other associations include school. Prevalence setting: Bvumbwe-low, seasonal; Ngowe-moderate, seasonal; Maseya-high; Makhuwira-high.

^bMean age of students with gametocyte containing infections not detected by RDT was 11.5 compared to 10.8 years for students with gametocyte containing infections detected by RDT.

^cAmong students with gametocyte-containing infections not detected by RDT, the mean log gametocyte density was − 2.417 compared to a mean log gametocyte density of − 0.825 among students with gametocyte-containing infections detected by RDT.

^dHemoglobin < 11.0 g/dL; 1 missing observation.

^eMeasured temperature ≥ 37.5 °C at baseline visit or reported in the last two weeks.

^fReported in the last two weeks; 1 missing observation.

^gAdjusted OR for Bvumbwe compared to all other schools in the multivariable model is 6.6 [95% CI: 1.9–24], p = 0.004.

^h4 missing observations.