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. 2021 Mar 25;11:6815. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-86334-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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A portion of the outer AF and its structure. Two-dimensional high-resolution histological images of the AF (axial section) using light microscopy (A, B): The different orientations of the fiber tracts in each lamella are clearly seen in (A), whereas (B) (Masson Trichrome stain) presents the complex structure of the AF. The 2D scanning microscope image yielded a consistent arrangement (C). DTI generated 3D FA data where distinct concentric lamellae rings are seen (as in the histological sections), since they are associated with anisotropic water diffusion (D). The scheme (E) shows lamellae layers with alternating orientation fibers surrounding the nucleus pulposus (center).