2D search vs. 3D search results. Proportion correct for human observers, ideal observer (IO), non-prewhitening with eye filter (NPWE), channelized Hotelling observer (CHO) using Gabor, Difference of Gaussian, and Laguerre-Gauss channels and foveated search model (FSM) with human eye movements and MAP eye movement model for microcalcification (left) and mass (right). Model observers inside the gray area had their signal contrast reduced to match 3D human performance. Error bars are standard error of the mean across observers, with a confidence interval of 1 standard deviation. Significance is only indicated for human observers’ results. ** = p < 0.01.