Table 3.

Nanomaterials approach with anti‐coronavirus activity as potential candidates against human coronaviruses identified before SARS‐CoV‐2 found in the retrieved papers

Nanomaterial	Average size	Shape	Strategy	Coronavirus	Potential application	Ref.
Chitosan nanospheres	10 nm–10 µm	Spherical	Genipin‐crosslinked chitosan	HCoV NL63 a) , HCoV OC4 b)	Adsorbents	[ 61 ]
CQDs c) nanocrystals	4–9 nm	Spherical	Boronic acid‐functionalized CQDs	HCoV‐229E‐Luc d)	Antiviral drugs	[ 71 ]
Gold nanorods	18–54 nm	Rod	Gold nanorods‐based HR1 e) peptides	MERS‐CoV f)	Antiviral drugs	[ 72 ]
PLGA g) hollow nanoparticles	114 nm	Spherical	Viral antigens and STING h) agonists‐loaded hollow nanoparticles	MERS‐CoV f) (EMC 2012)	Vaccine	[ 73 ]
TiO2 Nanoparticles	(Not reported)	Predominantly spherical	TNPs i) ‐coated glass coverslips UVC radiation	HCoV NL63 a)	Self‐cleaning surfaces	[ 70 ]

^a)Human coronavirus NL63

^b)Human coronavirus OC4

^c)Carbon quantum dots

^d)Modified human coronavirus 229E containing a renilla luciferase reporter gene

^e)HR1

^f)Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus

^g)Poly (lactic‐co‐glycolic acid)

^h)Stimulator of interferon genes protein

ⁱ⁾Titanium dioxide nanoparticles.