TABLE 1.

Overview of direct reprogramming techniques for non-fibroblastic cell sources.

Donor cell	Cell(s) produced	Method	References
Primary cortical astrocytes	iN, iNPC	Ngn2, CEND1 via retroviral vector (RV)	Aravantinou-Fatorou and Thomaidou, 2020
Region-restricted astrocytes	iN	Ngn2 via LV	Hu et al., 2019
Midbrain astrocytes	Noradrenergic iN	Ascl1, Phox2b, AP-2a, Gata3, Hand2, Nurr1, Phox2a via LV	Li et al., 2019
Astrocytes	Dopaminergic iN	NeuroD1, Ascl1, Lmx1a, miR218 (NeAL218) via LV	di Val Cervo et al., 2017
Astrocytes	iNPC→ further subtype specialization	Foxg1, Sox2, Brn2 with Lhx8 or Fox2a/Lmx1a via RV	Ma et al., 2018
Astrocytes	iN	NeuroD1 via adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector	Livingston et al., 2020
Parenchymal astrocytes	iN	Ascl1, Brn2a, Myt11 via LV	Torper et al., 2013
Dorsal midbrain astrocytes	iN	Ascl1 via AAV vector	Liu et al., 2015
Spinal astrocytes	Doublecortin-positive neuroblasts	Sox2 via LV	Su et al., 2014
Astrocytes	iN	NeuroD1 via AAV vector	Zhang et al., 2020
Astrocytes	iN	Ascl1, Prdx2, Sod1 via RV	Russo et al., 2020
Fetal cerebral cortex astrocytes	iN	Ascl1, LDN193189 and SB431542, DAPT, and VPA via protein transduction domain delivery	Robinson et al., 2018
Endogenous astrocyte	Nigral iN	AAV-vector mediated knockdown of PTB via shRNA	Qian et al., 2020
Adult brain pericytes	iN	Ascl1, Sox2 via RV	Karow et al., 2012, 2018
Human brain vascular pericytes	Cholinergic iN	Ascl1, Myt1l, Brn2, Tlx3, and miR124 via LV	Liang et al., 2018
Olfactory ensheathing cell	GABAergic iN, glutamatergic iN	Ngn2 via LV	Sun et al., 2019
Human urine cells	Glutamatergic iN	Small-molecule cocktail (CAYTFVB)	Xu et al., 2019
Human urine cells	iNSC	Small-molecule cocktail with self-replicable mRNA delivery	Kang et al., 2019
Adult peripheral blood mononuclear cells	Excitatory iN	Brn2, Ascl1, Myt1l, and Ngn2 via episomal vector	Tanabe et al., 2018
T lymphocytes	Excitatory iN	Brn2, Ascl1, Myt1l, and Ngn2 via episomal vector	Tanabe et al., 2018
Adult peripheral blood cells	iNPC? sensory iN	OCT4 with SMAD + GSK-3 inhibition via LV	Vojnits et al., 2019
CD 133-positive cord blood cells	iN	Sox2, c-Myc via Sendai virus	Castaño et al., 2014
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells	iN	Sox2, c-Myc via Sendai virus	Castaño et al., 2014
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells	Induced neural plate border stem cells	Brn2, KLF4, oxX2, and ZIC3 with four small molecule inhibitors via LV	Thier et al., 2019
Bone marrow-derived cells	iNPC	Msi1, Ngn2, MBD2 via non-integrating synthetic plasmid	Ahlfors et al., 2019
Cord blood CD133-positive cells	iNSC	Sox2, MYC, FOXM1, STAT6, and SALL4	Omrani et al., 2018
Adult peripheral CD34-positive cells	iN	AR, SMAD3, JUN, MYC, WT1, TAL1, SPI1, RUNX1, and Sox2	Omrani et al., 2018
Müller glia	iN	Ascl1, histone deacetylase inhibitor TSA, STAT inhibitor	Jorstad et al., 2020
Müller glia	Retina ganglion cells	Ngn2 or Ascl1 via plasmid	Guimarães et al., 2018
Müller glia	Neural retina progenitor cells	Bmi1, Spi1, Lmo2, Cebpd	Omrani et al., 2018
Müller glia	iN	Ascl1, histone deacetylase inhibitor TSA	Jorstad et al., 2017
Müller glia	Retinal ganglion cells, dopaminergic iN	CasRx-mediated Ptbp1 downregulation	Zhou et al., 2020
NG2 glia	GABAergic iN, glutamatergic iN	NeuroD1 via RV	Guo et al., 2014
NG2 glia in cerebral cortex	Doublecortin-positive iN	Sox2, Ascl1, or Sox2 via RV	Heinrich et al., 2014
NG2 glia in striatum	GABAergic iN, glutamatergic iN	Ascl1, Lmx1a, and Nurr1 via AAV	Torper et al., 2015
NG2 glia in striatum	GABAergic iN, glutamatergic iN	Ascl1, Lmx1a, Nurr1 via AAV5	Pereira et al., 2017, 2019
Glial progenitors (NG2 glia)	Midbrain dopaminergic iN	Ascl1, Lmx1a, Nurr1, shRNA to REST via LV	Nolbrant et al., 2020
Microglia	iN	NeuroD1 via LV	Trudler and Lipton, 2019
Hepatocyte cells	iN	Suz12, Ezh2, Meis1, Sry, Smarca4, Esr1, Pparg, and Stat3	Omrani et al., 2018
Glioma cells	Neuron-like cells	Ascl1 via LV	Cheng et al., 2019