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Actuation of piezoelectric cantilevers. (a) Schematic of optical deflection system. (b) Piezoelectric cantilever actuation under a 5 V monophasic 150 ms stimulation pulse. (c) Piezoelectric cantilever actuation under a ±5V biphasic (total duration 300 ms) stimulation pulse. Slight offset observed at end of actuation in (a) and (b) due to baseline drift in raw data (Fig. S1).
