TABLE 3.
Differences between diet categorizations for echocardiographic variables, taurine concentrations, and cardiac biomarkers
| GF (n = 26) | GI (n = 162) | Unadjusted P value | Adjusted P value | FDA‐PLP (n = 39) | NoFDA‐PLP (n = 149) | Unadjusted P value | Adjusted P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LVIDdN (C) | 1.50 (1.43‐1.70) | 1.62 (1.49‐1.75) | .11 | .23 | 1.51 (1.42‐1.73) | 1.62 (1.50‐1.74) | .07 | .99 |
| LVIDdN (V) | 1.49 (1.40‐1.67) | 1.59 (1.47‐1.72) | .11 | .23 | 1.49 (1.39‐1.70) | 1.60 (1.47–1.72) | .07 | .99 |
| LVIDsN (C) | .95 (.85‐1.05) | 1.07 (.96‐1.19) | .02 | .34 | 1.00 (.86‐1.10) | 1.07 (.96‐1.19) | .03 | .89 |
| LVIDsN (V) | .78 (.68–.85) | .85 (.74–.97) | .02 | .25 | .81 (69–.88) | .85 (.74–.97) | .04 | .96 |
| FS (%) | 34.0 (28.5‐38.3) | 28.9 (24.7‐34.3) | .03 | .59 | 33.9 (26.5‐38.1) | 28.9 (25.0‐33.7) | .17 | .75 |
| LA/Ao | 1.31 (1.25‐1.38) | 1.35 (1.25‐1.45) | .22 | .67 | 1.33 (1.25‐1.39) | 1.35 (1.26‐1.45) | .28 | .58 |
| LVVd/m2 | 60.0 (44.3‐75.0) | 76.1 (55.8‐95.7) | .004 | .19 | 59.8 (51.4‐79.0) | 76.9 (56.9‐95.1) | .01 | .85 |
| LVVs/m2 | 24.9 (15.6‐31.7) | 31.2 (21.5‐41.2) | .05 | .18 | 24.5 (16.5‐36.0) | 31.4 (21.6‐41.2) | .03 | .99 |
| EF (%) | 60.0 (55.1‐64.6) | 58.9 (54.0‐65.0) | .90 | .21 | 60.7 (55.1‐65.3) | 58.5 (53.2‐64.0) | .43 | .98 |
| hs‐cTnI (ng/mL) | .076 (.028–.156) | .048 (.026‐.080) | .001 | <.001 | .059 (.028–.122) | .048 (.025‐.085) | .03 | .006 |
| NT‐proBNP (pmol/L) | 429 (250‐653) | 358 (250‐586) | .77 | .85 | 414 (250‐747) | 357 (250‐562) | .63 | .97 |
| Whole blood taurine (nmol/mL) | 281 (243‐316) | 227 (194‐278) | .002 | .99 | 268 (220‐303) | 228 (193‐282) | .05 | .77 |
| Plasma taurine (nmol/mL) | 125 (101–148) | 104 (86‐123) | <.001 | .02 | 121 (94‐142) | 104 (86‐121) | .03 | .10 |
Note: Median and interquartile range are shown with crude, unadjusted P values obtained from the univariable analyses and adjusted P values after multivariable regression analysis controlling for age and breed. P < .05 after multivariable adjustment was considered to be statistically significant (bolded).
Abbreviations: EF, ejection fraction; FDA‐PLP, diets with Food and Drug Administration ingredients of concern (peas, lentils, or potatoes) in the top 10 ingredients; GF, grain‐free diets; GI, grain‐inclusive diets; hs‐cTnI, high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin I; LVIDdN (C), normalized left ventricular internal diameter in diastole by Cornell et al. formula 23 ; LVIDdN (V), normalized left ventricular internal diameter in diastole by Visser et al formula 24 ; LVIDsN (C), normalized left ventricular internal diameter in systole by Cornell et al. formula 23 ; LVIDsN (V), normalized left ventricular internal diameter in systole by Visser et al. formula 24 ; FS, fractional shortening; LA/Ao, left atrial to aortic ratio; LVVd/m2, left ventricular volume in diastole indexed to body surface area; LVVs/m2, left ventricular volume in systole indexed to body surface area; NoFDA‐PLP, diets without Food and Drug Administration ingredients of concern (peas, lentils, or potatoes) in the top 10 ingredients; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal pro B‐type natriuretic peptide.