Table 1.
Published cohorts reporting the incidence of proteinuria in COVID-19
| Study | COVID cases, n | AKI status (n) or elevated baseline SCr | Proteinuria |
Method of assessment | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any degree, n (%) | Significant, n (%) | Nephrotic/ heavy, n (%) | ||||
| Pei et al. [43] | 467 (333 tested for renal involvement) | AKI (35) | 31 (88) | 7 (20) | UDS | |
| No AKI (298) | 188 (63) | 30 (10) | ||||
| Cheng et al. [5] | 701 | AKI (36), elevated baseline SCr (53) | 37/53 (70) | 16/53 (30) | UDS | |
| No AKI (665) 389 tested | 157 (40) | 29 (8) | ||||
| Mohamed et al. [4] | 644 | AKI (161) (147 tested for proteinuria) | 126 (78) | 112 (69)a | 14 (9) | UDS, UPCR |
| No AKI (483) | NA | NA | NA | |||
| Li et al. [47] | 193 (147 tested for proteinuria) | AKI (55) | 88/147 (60) | 15/147b [10] | 3/147 (2) | UDS |
| No AKI (138) | ||||||
| Chaudhri et al. [6] | 300 | AKI (82) | 84 (28) | NA | NA | UDS |
| No AKI (218) | ||||||
| Liu et al. [48] | 119 | NA | 34 (29) | NA | NA | UDS |
| Chan et al. [7] | 3993 (656 tested for proteinuria) | AKI (1835) | 365 (84) | NA | NA | UDS, UPCR |
| No AKI (2158) | 159 (72) | NA | NA | |||
| Justine et al.[49] | 239 (153 tested for proteinuria) | NA | 132 (86) | 68 (44)c | 2 (1.3) | UPCR, SDVS |
| Fisher et al. [8] | 3345 (2590 tested for proteinuria) | AKI (1903) | NA | 1128 (95)d | 55 (4.6) | UPCR, UDS |
| No AKI (1442) | NA | 633 (98)d | 9 (1.1) | |||
| Lee et al. [50] | 1002 | AKI (294) (269 tested for proteinuria) | 207 (77) | NA | NA | UDS |
| No AKI (708) (479 tested for proteinuria) | 298 (62) | NA | NA | |||
| Hirsch et al. [16] | 5449 | AKI (1993) (646 tested for proteinuria | 478 (74) | 272 (42) | NA | UDS |
| No AKI (3456) | NA | NA | NA | |||
| Portolés et al. [51] | 1603 | AKI (336) | 160 (48) | 160 (48)e | NA | UPCR |
| No AKI (1267) | 405 (32) | 405 (32) | NA | |||
SCr, serum creatinine; UDS, urine dipstick test; UPCR, urine protein-to-creatinine ratio; SDVS, Siemens Dimension Vista instrument to assess α1-microglobulin, β2-microglobulin; NA, not available.
a
Significant proteinuria defined as ≥2+ protein by dipstick or UPCR ≥0.5 g/g.
b
Significant proteinuria defined as not defined, only reported 15 patients with 2+ and 3 patients with 3+.
c
Significant proteinuria defined as UPCR >0.5 g/g.
d
Significant proteinuria defined as ‘heavy’ proteinuria >0.5 g/g.
e
Significant proteinuria defined as >0.3 g/L.