Table 1.
Characteristics of live births and stillbirths in labour and delivery wards, EN-BIRTH Study (n = 23,072 births)
| Bangladesh | Bangladesh | Nepal | Tanzania | Tanzania | All sites | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azimpur Tertiary | Kushtia District | Pokhara Regional | Temeke Regional | Muhimbili National | ||||||||
| Live births | Stillbirths | Live births | Stillbirths | Live births | Stillbirths | Live births | Stillbirths | Live births | Stillbirths | Live births | Stillbirths | |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
| a) Total babies observeda | 2896 | 11 | 2308 | 74 | 7175 | 126 | 6634 | 153 | 3509 | 186 | 22,522 | 550 |
| Mode of birth | ||||||||||||
| Normal vaginal birth | 760 (26.2) | 10 (90.9) | 1337 (57.9) | 51 (68.9) | 5789 (80.7) | 98 (77.8) | 6157 (92.8) | 133 (86.9) | 1468 (41.8) | 118 (63.1) | 15,511 (68.9) | 410 (74.4) |
| Vaginal breech/ Vacuum/ Forceps | 1 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 337 (4.7) | 13 (10.3) | 9 (0.1) | 1 (0.7) | 8 (0.2) | 2 (1.1) | 355 (1.6) | 16 (2.9) |
| Caesarean Section | 2135 (73.7) | 1 (9.1) | 971 (42.1) | 23 (31.1) | 1049 (14.6) | 14 (11.1) | 467 (7) | 17 (11.1) | 2033 (57.9) | 61 (32.6) | 6655 (29.6) | 116 (21.1) |
| Missing | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (0) | 2 (1.3) | 0 (0) | 6 (3.2) | 1 (0) | 9 (1.6) |
| Birthweight | ||||||||||||
| < 1000 | 1 (0) | 0 (0) | 6 (0.3) | 1 (1.4) | 7 (0.1) | 20 (15.9) | 13 (0.2) | 0 (0) | 23 (0.7) | 21 (11.5) | 50 (0.2) | 42 (7.7) |
| 1000–1499 | 1 (0) | 0 (0) | 27 (1.2) | 0 (0) | 23 (0.3) | 15 (11.9) | 14 (0.2) | 8 (5.2) | 132 (3.8) | 27 (14.8) | 197 (0.9) | 50 (9.1) |
| 1500–2499 | 351 (12.1) | 0 (0) | 434 (18.8) | 3 (4.1) | 795 (11.1) | 35 (27.8) | 440 (6.6) | 26 (17) | 737 (21) | 57 (31.1) | 2757 (12.3) | 121 (22.1) |
| 2500+ | 2525 (87.2) | 3 (27.3) | 1801 (78.2) | 3 (4.1) | 6233 (86.9) | 41 (32.5) | 5968 (90.1) | 83 (54.2) | 2515 (71.7) | 34 (18.6) | 19,042 (84.6) | 164 (30) |
| Birthweight missing | 18 (0.6) | 8 (72.7) | 36 (1.6) | 67 (90.5) | 115 (1.6) | 15 (11.9) | 188 (2.8) | 36 (23.5) | 99 (2.9) | 44 (24.1) | 456 (2.0) | 170 (31.1) |
| Gestational age (recorded at admission) | ||||||||||||
| < 28 weeks | 1 (0) | 0 (0) | 6 (0.3) | 1 (1.4) | 6 (0.1) | 22 (17.5) | 1 (0) | 2 (1.3) | 12 (0.3) | 7 (3.8) | 26 (0.1) | 32 (5.8) |
| 28–32 weeks | 1 (0) | 1 (9.1) | 35 (1.5) | 5 (6.8) | 20 (0.3) | 12 (9.5) | 45 (0.7) | 7 (4.6) | 186 (5.3) | 53 (28.6) | 287 (1.3) | 78 (14.2) |
| 32–36 weeks | 637 (22) | 4 (36.4) | 464 (20.1) | 43 (58.1) | 337 (4.7) | 27 (21.4) | 1479 (22.3) | 51 (33.6) | 971 (27.7) | 79 (42.7) | 3888 (17.3) | 204 (37.2) |
| 37+ | 2180 (75.3) | 5 (45.5) | 1789 (77.5) | 25 (33.8) | 6550 (91.4) | 57 (45.2) | 4503 (67.9) | 78 (51.3) | 2267 (64.7) | 43 (23.2) | 17,289 (76.8) | 208 (38) |
| Missing | 77 (2.7) | 1 (9.1) | 13 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 257 (3.6) | 8 (6.3) | 605 (9.1) | 14 (9.2) | 69 (2) | 3 (1.6) | 1021 (4.5) | 26 (4.7) |
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Female | 1437 (49.6) | 4 (36.4) | 1118 (48.4) | 36 (48.6) | 3315 (46.2) | 54 (42.9) | 3201 (48.3) | 64 (41.8) | 1723 (49.1) | 90 (48.4) | 10,794 (47.9) | 248 (45.1) |
| Male | 1458 (50.3) | 7 (63.6) | 1189 (51.5) | 31 (41.9) | 3837 (53.5) | 66 (52.4) | 3397 (51.2) | 84 (54.9) | 1760 (50.2) | 73 (39.2) | 11,641 (51.7) | 261 (47.5) |
| Ambiguous | 1 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0) | 3 (4.1) | 13 (0.2) | 0 (0) | 7 (0.1) | 0 (0) | 3 (0.1) | 3 (1.6) | 25 (0.1) | 6 (1.1) |
| Missing | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (5.4) | 10 (0.1) | 6 (4.8) | 29 (0.4) | 5 (3.3) | 23 (0.7) | 20 (10.8) | 62 (0.3) | 35 (6.4) |
| b) Total women observedb | 2872 | 11 | 2265 | 71 | 7111 | 119 | 6521 | 145 | 3331 | 174 | 22,100 | 520 |
| Women’s age | ||||||||||||
| < 18 years | 25 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.1) | 0 (0) | 303 (4.3) | 6 (5) | 25 (0.4) | 1 (0.7) | 6 (0.2) | 1 (0.6) | 361 (1.6) | 8 (1.5) |
| 18–19 years | 465 (16.2) | 3 (27.3) | 185 (8.2) | 6 (8.5) | 800 (11.3) | 10 (8.4) | 748 (11.5) | 10 (6.9) | 147 (4.4) | 7 (4.0) | 2345 (10.6) | 36 (6.9) |
| 20–24 years | 1147 (39.9) | 4 (36.4) | 881 (38.9) | 28 (39.4) | 2978 (41.9) | 37 (31.1) | 2239 (34.3) | 43 (29.7) | 674 (20.2) | 40 (23) | 7919 (35.8) | 152 (29.2) |
| 25–29 years | 854 (29.7) | 3 (27.3) | 700 (30.9) | 26 (36.6) | 2041 (28.7) | 32 (26.9) | 1636 (25.1) | 41 (28.3) | 1068 (32.1) | 47 (27) | 6299 (28.5) | 149 (28.7) |
| 30–34 years | 294 (10.2) | 1 (9.1) | 353 (15.6) | 8 (11.3) | 785 (11) | 20 (16.8) | 1108 (17) | 25 (17.2) | 864 (25.9) | 40 (23) | 3404 (15.4) | 94 (18.1) |
| 35+ years | 87 (3) | 0 (0) | 144 (6.4) | 3 (4.2) | 204 (2.9) | 14 (11.8) | 765 (11.7) | 25 (17.2) | 572 (17.2) | 39 (22.4) | 1772 (8.0) | 81 (15.6) |
| Women’s education | ||||||||||||
| No education | 37 (1.3) | 0 (0) | 70 (3.1) | 5 (7) | 256 (3.6) | 7 (5.9) | 196 (3) | 3 (2.1) | 62 (1.9) | 3 (1.7) | 621 (2.8) | 18 (3.5) |
| Primary incomplete | 110 (3.8) | 0 (0) | 117 (5.2) | 7 (9.9) | 240 (3.4) | 9 (7.6) | 76 (1.2) | 1 (0.7) | 40 (1.2) | 5 (2.9) | 583 (2.6) | 22 (4.2) |
| Primary complete | 333 (11.6) | 2 (18.2) | 317 (14) | 18 (25.4) | 287 (4) | 8 (6.7) | 28 (0.4) | 1 (0.7) | 4 (0.1) | 1 (0.6) | 969 (4.4) | 30 (5.8) |
| Secondary incomplete | 973 (33.9) | 4 (36.4) | 900 (39.7) | 27 (38) | 1582 (22.2) | 25 (21) | 3921 (60.1) | 87 (60) | 1189 (35.7) | 77 (44.3) | 8565 (38.8) | 220 (42.3) |
| Secondary complete or higher | 1259 (43.8) | 5 (45.5) | 828 (36.6) | 13 (18.3) | 4370 (61.5) | 49 (41.2) | 2268 (34.8) | 52 (35.9) | 2022 (60.7) | 88 (50.6) | 10,747 (48.6) | 207 (39.8) |
| Missing | 160 (5.6) | 0 (0) | 33 (1.5) | 1 (1.4) | 376 (5.3) | 21 (17.6) | 32 (0.5) | 1 (0.7) | 14 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 615 (2.8) | 23 (4.4) |
| Parity | ||||||||||||
| Nullipara | 1326 (46.2) | 10 (90.9) | 960 (42.4) | 28 (39.4) | 4255 (59.8) | 58 (48.7) | 2822 (43.3) | 56 (38.6) | 1270 (38.1) | 62 (35.6) | 10,633 (48.1) | 214 (41.2) |
| Multipara | 1493 (52) | 1 (9.1) | 1300 (57.4) | 43 (60.6) | 2849 (40.1) | 61 (51.3) | 3686 (56.5) | 88 (60.7) | 2057 (61.8) | 112 (64.4) | 11,385 (51.5) | 305 (58.7) |
| Missing | 53 (1.8) | 0 (0) | 5 (0.2) | 0 (0) | 7 (0.1) | 0 (0) | 13 (0.2) | 1 (0.7) | 4 (0.1) | 0 (0) | 82 (0.4) | 1 (0.2) |
aData from observation
bData collected from women’s registration and survey report