Table 2.
Drug delivery systems for treatment of viral infection–related conditions in the oral cavity
| Virus | Drug | Target | Delivery system | Ingredients | In vitro studies | In vivo studies | Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HSV | Acyclovir | Oral mucosa | In situ gel | Poloxamer 407, Carbopol 934, and HPMC |
-Drug release -Ex-vitro (porcine oral mucosa) drug permeation -Mucoadhesion (porcine oral mucosa) using modified physical balance |
- |
-Drug release up to 6 h -Suitable mucoadhesion |
[208] |
| HSV-1/2 | Acyclovir | Buccal mucosa | Films impregnated with nanospheres |
Nanosphere: PLGA, PVA Film: HPMC K15, Eudragit RL 100, Carbopol 974P, PEG 200, Ethyl cellulose |
-Drug release paddle over disc method using USP II apparatus -Drug permeation Franz diffusion cells -Mucoadhesion Texture analyzer using rabbit buccal mucosa |
White male rabbits |
- High permeation and controlled release of drug over an extended period of time - Enhanced bioavailability by ∼ 8 fold |
[209] |
| HSV-1 | Acyclovir | Buccal mucosa | Tablet (Sitavig®) | Hypromellose, milk protein concentrate, sodium lauryl sulfate, magnesium stearate, MCC, povidone, colloidal silicon dioxide | - | Patients, with at least four herpes episodes in the previous year |
- Prolonged plasma drug levels - Reduction of duration of the herpes episode - Less primary vesicular lesions |
[210] |
| HSV-1 |
Penciclovir Acyclovir |
- | Cream | - | - | Patients with herpes simplex facialis/labialis (five times daily for 7 days) | - 1% penciclovir and 3% acyclovir equally effective | [211] |
| HHV-4 (EBV) |
Podophyllin resin Penciclovir Acyclovir |
Tongue | Cream | - | - | Patients with HIV infection and oral hairy leukoplakia (related to EBV) |
- Effective clinical healing within 7–8 weeks - Faster clinical healing with podophyllin resin + acyclovir |
[212] |
| HHV-5 (CMV) | Plasmid DNA (CMV-β-gal) and β-galactosidase | Buccal mucosa | Bilayer film | Polycarbophil and Eudragit S-100 |
- Drug release vial method - Mucoadhesion time using a glass model |
Female New Zealand White rabbits | - IgG titers comparable to that of subcutaneous administration | [213] |
CMV cytomegalovirus, EBV Epstein-Barr virus, HSV Herpes simplex virus, HHV human herpes virus, HPMC hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, NaCMC sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, MCC microcrystalline cellulose, PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone, PVA polyvinyl alcohol, PLGA poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), PEG polyethylene glycol