Table 4.
Adjusted regression for out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures across race/ethnicity.
| β-Coefficient | 95% Confidence interval | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Race | P < 0.001a | ||
| Non-hispanic black | −481 | (−621.30, −341.51) | |
| Hispanic | −591 | (−727.38, −455.00) | |
| Other | −643 | (−803.07, −484.47) | |
| Age | P < 0.001a | ||
| 45-64 | 299 | (146.90, 453.00) | |
| 65+ | 559 | (375.94, 742.18) | |
| Sex | P < 0.001a | ||
| Females | 273 | (155.53,392.15) | |
| Marital status | |||
| Unmarried | −1 | (−123.78, 120.78) | P = 0.981 |
| Never married | −101 | (−290.96, 88.36) | P = 0.295 |
| Education | |||
| High School | 116 | (0.33, 233.63) | P = 0.049a |
| College | 479 | (328.22, 631.53) | P < 0.001a |
| Insurance status | |||
| Public | −166 | (−298.63, −35.28) | P = 0.013a |
| Uninsured | 962 | (642.18, 1282.23) | P < 0.001a |
| Metropolitan statistical area | |||
| MSA | 8 | (−108.96, 125.76) | P = 0.888 |
| Region | |||
| Midwest | 193 | (48.64, 338.59) | P = 0.009a |
| South | 309 | (181.58, 437.33) | P < 0.001a |
| West | 165 | (6.45, 324.68) | P = 0.041a |
| Income | |||
| Low income | 89 | (−45.88, 224.54) | P = 0.195 |
| Middle income | 189 | (44.43, 334.88) | P = 0.010a |
| High income | 343 | (170.06, 517.49) | P < 0.001a |
| Comorbidity burden | |||
| Hypertension | 312 | (203.48, 421.43) | P < 0.001a |
| Cardiovascular disease | 367 | (251.93, 483.39) | P < 0.001a |
| Emphysema | 185 | (−37.93, 409.34) | P = 0.104 |
| Joint pain | 113 | (13.92, 213.26) | P = 0.026a |
| Arthritis | 268 | (160.81, 376.02) | P < 0.001a |
| Asthma | 190 | (53.95, 327.16) | P = 0.006a |
| OOP differences by time (years) | P < 0.001a | ||
| 2006–2009 | −516 | (−640.71, −393.06) | |
| 2010–2011 | −808 | (−939.77, −676.37) | |
Reference groups: NHW, 18–44 years, men, married, less than high school, private insurance, non-metropolitan statistical area, northeast region, poor income, absence of comorbidities (hypertension, cardiovascular disease, emphysema, joint pain, arthritis, and asthma), and OOP differences for years 2002–2005.
NHW, Non-Hispanic White.
a
Statistically significant at p < 0.05. β = Beta coefficient. Adjusted for covariates: sex, education, income, age, marital status, insurance, region, time, and comorbidity burden.