Fig. 4.

A 50% leucine restriction (LR) improves glucose regulation by enhancing insulin signaling in muscle. a Fed and fasting blood glucose levels. b Fed and fasting serum insulin levels. c Glucose tolerance tests (GTTs). d Insulin tolerance tests (ITTs). e–g Western blotting and quantification of the protein levels of P-IR, t-IR, p-AKT, t-AKT, p-GSK3β, and t-GSK3β in liver (e), white adipose tissue (WAT) (f), and muscle (g). A.U.: arbitrary units. All mice were fed with a 0% LR (control) or 50% LR diet. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 4–6 per group, as indicated), with individual data points. *p < 0.05