Table 1.

Nanoparticles synthesized by probiotic bacteria and their applications in agriculture

Probiotics	NPs	Production	NP size (nm)	Application in agriculture	Refs
Lactobacillus. casei ssp. casei CCM 7088	Ag	Extracellular	12–27	Plant-growth stimulator, antimicrobial effect, antifungal effect	[53]
L. acidophilus	Ag	Extracellular	4–40	–	[54]
Pseudomonas stutzeri	Ag	Intracellular	Up to 200	Plant-growth stimulator, antimicrobial effect, antifungal effect	[65]
Staphylococcus aureus	Ag	Extracellular	160–180	Plant-growth stimulator, antimicrobial effect, antifungal effect	[83]
Brevibacterium casei	Ag	Extracellular	10–50	–	[188]
Escherichia coli	Ag	Extracellular	100	Plant-growth stimulator, antimicrobial effect, antifungal effect	[189]
Bacillus cereus SZT1	Ag	Extracellular	4 and 5	–	[190]
Bacillus licheniformis Dahb1	Ag	Extracellular	18.69–63.42	Antifungal effect	[191]
Lactobacillus fermentum	Ag	Extracellular	11.2	–	[192]
		Intracellular	15–40	–
		Intracellular	60–80	–
Lactobacillus plantarum	Ag	Extracellular	19.92 ± 3.4	–	[193]
Lactobacillus rhamnosus	Ag	Extracellular	233	–	[194]
L. acidophilus 58p	Ag	Extracellular	30.65 ± 5.81	–	[193]
Lactobacillus sp. from Yoghurt cells	Ag	Extracellular	15–25	–	[237]
L. delbrueckii isolated from probiotic curd	Ag	Extracellular	54.3–112.7	–	[195]
Actinobacter spp.	Au	Intracellular	5–500	Antimicrobial effect, antifungal effect, nano fertilizer	[196]
Bacillus subtilis	Au	Extracellular	80 ± 0.18	–	[197]
Escherichia coli k12	Au	Extracellular	50	–	[70]
L. casei (strain JCM1134)	Au	Intracellular	ca.29.6	–	[198]
Lactobacillus kimchicus DCY51T isolated from Korean kimchi	Au	Intracellular	5–30	–	[57]
Lactobacillus acidophilus DSMZ 20079T	CdS	Extracellular	2.5–5.5	Nanobiosensors	[58]
Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633
Lactobacillus casei	Copper	Extracellular	30–75	Plant micronutrient	[62]
Lactobacillus acidophilus Lactobacillus casei Bifidobacterium sp.	Se	Extracellular	50–500 50–500 400–500	Plant disease enhancer Nanofertilizer Nanofertilizer	[68]