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. 2021 Mar 26;16:219. doi: 10.1186/s13018-021-02360-2

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Standard template of central volumetric bone mineral density (central-vBMD) and pedicle screw volumetric bone mineral density (PS-vBMD) with oval-shaped region of interest (ROI). a. A finite element model of L4 vertebra with caps of poly(methyl-methacrylate) (PMMA) and a typical force-displacement curve illustrating compression force. b A finite element model of L4 vertebra with a pedicle screw and a typical load-displacement curve illustrating pullout strength. c Loading points (red) and displacement direction (red arrow)