Table 1.

Table reports the key players for the major processes in mammalian cells involving ESCRTs. The results of silencing studies supporting the role played by these key players are also displayed.

Cellular Process	Key Player/s	Effect of Silencing	References
MVB Biogenesis	ESCRT-0 (HRS) ESCRT-I (TSG101) ESCRT-III/VPS4	HRS depletion: enlarged MVBs with few ILVs TSG101 depletion: MVB formation strongly reduced ESCRT-III/Vps24 depletion: smaller MVBs in clusters HRS TSG101, Vps22 and Vps24 co-depletion: MVBs and ILVs still formed	[53,128,129,130]
Autophagy	ESCRT-I (VPS37A) ESCRT-III (CHMP2A)/VPS4	VPS37A depletion: accumulation of phagophores due to defects in autophagosome completion CHMP2A depletion: accumulation of immature autophagosomal structures; impairment of autophagic flux; inhibition of phagophore sealing during mitophagy CHMP2A, CHMP3, CHMP7 depletion: increase in immature autophagosomal membranes under starvation CHMP2A, CHMP4B and VPS4 depletion: inhibition of mitophagy	[66,67]
Cytokinesis	ESCRT-I (TSG101)/ESCRT-II Alix ESCRT-III (CHMP-6,CHMP4B,CHMP4C)/VPS4	Alix depletion: an increase in multinuclear cells; furrow regression; a failure in CHMP4C recruitment to the midbody; CHMP4B still recruited TSG101 and Alix co-depletion: failure in CHMP4B recruitment to the midbody; multinucleation non aggravated Alix, VPS22, and CHMP6 co-depletion: CHMP4B is not recruited to the intercellular bridge CHMP4C depletion: altered cytokinetic arrest in the presence of chromosomal problems; furrow regression and binucleation	[73,74,80,88,131]
Cell Membrane Repair	ESCRT-I (TSG101) Alix ESCRT-III (CHMP4B)/VPS4	Alix, CHMP2B VPS4 depletion: failure of the repairing process followed by cell death (CHMP4B and VPS4 silencing) CHMP2A depletion: impairment of the repairing process CHMP3 depletion: no significant effect	[99,101]
Nuclear Membrane Repair	ESCRT-III (CHMP4B, CHMP7)/VPS4	Alix, HD-PTP, HRS, TSG101 depletion: no effects on CHMP4B recruitment to the site of ruptures CHMP7depletion: failure of CHMP4B recruitment to the nuclear envelope	[107,108]
Lysosomal Membrane Repair	ESCRT-I (TSG101) Alix ESCRT-III (CHMP2A, CHMP4B)/VPS4	HRS depletion: no effect on CHMP4B recruitment to lysosomes TSG101 depletion: consistent delay in CHMP4B recruitment CHMP2A depletion: increased accumulation of CHMP4B on damaged lysosomes Alix depletion: no detectable effect on CHM4B recruitment TSG101 and Alix co-depletion: almost complete abrogation of CHMP4B recruitment; failure of recovering of damaged lysosomes	[118,119]