Table 1.
The immunomodulatory effects of polyphenols.
| Polyphenols | Signaling Pathways | Immunomodulatory Responses |
|---|---|---|
| Curcumin [70,71] | Suppress NF-κB | ↓ Bcl-2 in PHA-activated Tcells |
| Suppress maturation of DCs | ||
| Inhibit IL-12, IL-8 | ||
| ↑ IL-4 | ||
| Resveratrol, Quercetin, Silibinin [72] |
Altering PI3K/Akt | ↓IL-6 and IL-1 |
| Genistein [71,73] | Activate AMPK | ↓ IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 |
| Inhibit ROS/Akt/NF-κB | ↓COX-2 | |
| EGCG [74] | Suppress NF-κB and MAPK | Inhibit Th1 and Th17 differentiation |
| ↓ Transcription factors (STAT1 and T-bet for Th1, and STAT3 and RORγt for Th17) | ||
| ↑ T-reg in lymphoid tissues and central nervous system | ||
| Proanthocyanidins Procyanidins [75,76] |
Suppress NF-κB and MAPK | ↓TNF-α, IL-1β |
| Inhibit iNOS and COX-2 | ||
| Caffeic acid [77,78,79] | Suppress p38 MAPK, JNK1/2 and NF-κB | ↓ IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α |
| ↓ Monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 | ||
| Inhibit xanthine oxidase and COX |
PHA: Phytohemagglutinin, DC: Dendritic cell, IL: Interleukin, COX: Cyclooxygenase, Th: T helper, STAT: Signal transducer and activator of transcription, NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa-B, ROS: Reactive oxygen species, TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, MCP: Monocyte chemoattractant protein, iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase, PI3K/Akt: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B, AMPK: Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, MAPK: Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase.