Table 5.

Analysis of covariance between food and beverage consumption at breakfast and breakfast routine in children, stratified by gender.

Children’s Foods and Beverage Groups Consumption at Breakfast (Times per week)	Boys’ Breakfast Routine			Girls’ Breakfast Routine
	Occasionally Breakfast Consumers	Breakfast Consumers		Occasionally Breakfast Consumers	Breakfast Consumers
	Mean (95% CI)	Mean (95% CI)	p *	Mean (95% CI)	Mean (95% CI)	p *
Fruits berries and vegetables	2.37 (2.07, 2.66)	2.55 (2.48, 2.62)	0.241	2.38 (2.11, 2.65)	2.70 (2.63, 2.77)	0.021
Fruit juices fresh unsweetened	1.80 (1.56, 2.04)	1.77 (1.71, 1.83)	0.826	1.58 (1.36, 1.79)	1.75 (1.70, 1.81)	0.127
Soft drinks and sugar juices	1.26 (1.08, 1.45)	1.15 (1.11, 1.20)	0.245	1.49 (1.33, 1.65)	1.08 (1.04, 1.12)	<0.001
Milk or dairy products unsweetened	3.20 (2.88, 3.53)	3.97 (3.89, 4.05)	<0.001	3.21 (2.92, 3.50)	3.84 (3.76, 3.92)	<0.001
Milk or dairy products sweetened	2.59 (2.28, 2.91)	2.80 (2.72, 2.88)	0.213	2.44 (2.16, 2.71)	2.63 (2.56, 2.70)	0.182
Sweet or salty pastries	2.62 (2.38, 2.85)	2.35 (2.29, 2.40)	0.031	2.35 (2.14, 2.55)	2.23 (2.17, 2.28)	0.265
Low fiber cereal products	2.54 (2.25, 2.82)	3.07 (2.99, 3.14)	<0.001	2.54 (2.29, 2.79)	2.93 (2.86, 2.99)	0.004
Whole-grain cereal products	1.99 (1.71, 2.27)	2.66 (2.60, 2.74)	<0.001	2.02 (1.77, 2.28)	2.65 (2.59, 2.73)	<0.001

* Statistical significance among different breakfast patterns. Significant p values are shown in bold font. Abbreviations: 95% CI, 95% confidence intervals. All analyses were adjusted by the following covariates: BMI z-score, country, and maternal education. Breakfast consumers categories: Occasional breakfast consumers, children who usually consume breakfast 2–5 days per week; Breakfast consumers, children who usually consume breakfast 6–7 days per week.