Table 2.
Chemical composition of different honeybee products.
| Honeybee Product | Main Component | Individual Components |
|---|---|---|
| Honey [8,43,44] |
Sugars | Disaccharides (maltose and sucrose), monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), and oligosaccharides (maltotriose and panose) |
| Amino acids | Arginine, glutamic, histidine, lysine, phenylalanine, proline, tyrosine, and valine | |
| Organic acids | Gluconic, acetic, butyric, citric, formic, lactic, malic, pyroglutamic, and succinic acids | |
| Vitamins | B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B8, B9, B12, and C | |
| Minerals | Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, and Zn | |
| Enzymes | Amylase, glucose oxidase, and sucrase (α-glucosidase) | |
| Phenolic compounds | Acacetin, apigenin, benzoic acids, caffeic, chlorogenic, chrysin, ellagic, ferulic, fisetin, galangin, gallic, genistein, 3-hydroxybenzoic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, hesperetin, kaempferol, luteolin, myricetin, naringenin, p-coumaric, pinobanksin, pinocembrin, quercetin, rosmarinic, syringic, and vanillic | |
| Royal jelly [15,45,46,47,48,49] | Sugars | Glucose and fructose |
| Proteins/peptides | Apisimin, major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs 1–9), jelleines, and royalisin | |
| Fatty acids (carboxylic acids) | 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid, 10-hydroxydecanoic acid, 4-hydroxyperoxy-2-decenoic acid ethyl ester, and decanoic acid (sebacic acid) | |
| Vitamins | B1, B2,B3, B5, B6, B9, and β-carotene | |
| Minerals | Cu, Fe, K, Mg, and Zn | |
| Hormones | Estradiol, progesterone, prolactin, and testosterone | |
| Phenolic compounds | Apigenin, caffeic acid, gallic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylethanol, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid-methyl ester, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxyhydrocinnamic acid, hydroquinone, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, luteolin, methyl salicylate, 2-methoxy-p-cresol, 2-methoxyphenol, naringenin, p-coumaric, pinobanksin, pyrocatechol, quercetin, and rutin | |
| Propolis [50,51,58] | Sugars | Fructose, glucose, and sucrose |
| Fatty acids | Arachidonic acid, cis-13,16-docosadienoic acid, cis-11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acid, cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid, eicosadienoic acid, elaidic acid, heneicosylic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, and α- and γ- linoleic acids | |
| Terpenoids | Clerodane diterpenoids, farnesol, isocupressic acid, labdane, and 13-symphyoreticulic acid | |
| Phenolic compounds | 2,2,dimethyl-8-prenylchromene, apigenin, benzofuran, caffeic acid and its derivatives, chrysin, cinnamic acid and its derivatives, ferulic acid, galangin, kaempferol and its derivatives, naringenin, p-coumaric acid, pinobanksin, pinocembrin, pinostrobin, quercetin, and tectochrysin | |
| Bee venom [14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22] |
Sugars | Fructose and glucose |
| Proteins/peptides/amines | Adolapin, apamin, dopamine, histamine, mast cell degranulating peptide, melittin, noradrenaline, procamine, protease inhibitors, secapin, and tertiapin | |
| Minerals | Ca, Mg, and P | |
| Enzymes | Glucosidase, hyaluronidase acid, lysophospholipase, phospholipase A2, phospholipase B, and phosphomonoesterase | |
| Bee pollen [58,59,60,68] |
Sugars | Fructose, glucose, and sucrose |
| Fatty acids | Linoleic acid and linolenic acid | |
| Phenolic compounds | Apigenin, caffeic acid, catechin, delphinidin, ferulic acid, galangin, gallic acid, isorhamnetin, luteolin, naringenin, p-coumaric acid, protocatechuic acid, quercetin, rutin, and syringic acid | |
| Beeswax [66] | Fatty acids | 15,hydroxypalmitic acid, oleic acid, and palmitic acid |
| Vitamins | A, B1, B6, choline, and rutin | |
| Minerals | Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Na, P, and Zn | |
| Hydrocarbons | Hentriacontane, heptacosane, nonacosane, pentacosane, and tricosane | |
| complex wax esters | 15-hydroxypalmitic acid and diols | |
| Bee bread [67] |
Sugars | Monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and disaccharides (erlose, maltose, turanose, and trehalose) |
| Fatty acids | Arachidic acid, arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, linoleic acid, myristic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, and α-linolenic acid | |
| Vitamins | B1, B2, B3,B5, B6, B9, C, E (α, β, and γ-tocopherol), and K | |
| Minerals | Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, P, Se, and Zn | |
| Enzymes | Amylase, phosphatases, and saccharase | |
| Phenolic compounds | Apigenin, chrysin, kaempferol, naringin, p-coumaric acid, quercetin, and rutin | |
| Sugars | Lactulose, melizitoze, neo, trehalose, raffinose, sucrose, trehalose, (α- and β-) isomaltose, and (α- and β-) maltose | |
| Drone brood [63,69] | Amino acids | Alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamine, glycine, histidine homoserine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, pyroglutamic acid, sarcosine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, valine, and γ-aminobutyric acid |
| Fatty acids | 3-ethylglutaconic acid, 2-hydroxyglutaric acid, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, adipic acid, fumaric acid, glyceric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, octadecanoic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, and succinic acid | |
| N, containing compounds | Adenosine- tetra-TMS, uracil, urea, uric acid, and uridine | |
| P, containing compounds | Glucopyranosyl phosphate, phosphoric acid, and (α- and β-) glycerylphosphate | |
| Sterols | Avenasterol, campesterol, and β-sitosterol |
Minerals (Ca: calcium, Cu: copper, Fe: iron, K: potassium, Mg: magnesium, Mn: manganese, N: nitrogen, Na: sodium, P: phosphorus, S: sulphur, and Zn: zinc) and vitamins (A: retinoids, B1: thiamine, B2: riboflavin, B3: nicotinic acid, B5: pantothenic acid, B6: pyridoxine, B8: biotin, B9: folic acid, B12: cyanocobalamin, C: ascorbic acid, and E: tocopherol).