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. 2021 Feb 24;10(3):336. doi: 10.3390/antiox10030336

Table 7.

Protective effects of honeybee products against chemical stresses-induced reproductive toxicity in mammals.

Animal Species/Chemical Stress Treatment/Honeybee Product Result Suggested Mode of Action
Rats/Copper [121] 100 mg/kg BW/day of propolis ethanolic extract

  • Improved sperm quality and antioxidant status

  • Antioxidant activity of flavonoids
Rats/Cadmium [120] 0.5 mg/L water of cadmium chloride and 400mg/kg BW of royal jelly

  • Maintained sperm quality, testosterone, LH, and fertility

  • Antioxidant activity
Rats/Aluminum chloride [122] mg/kg BW, 1/25 L of aluminum chloride and 50 mg/kg BW of propolis for 70 days

  • Improved testis histopathological structure and antioxidant status of liver, kidney, and blood

  • Antioxidant activity trans-cinnamic, p-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic, sinapic, caffeic acid phenethyl ester, apigenin, kaempferol, quercetin, rutin, flavonol galangin
Rats/Chlorpyrifos [124] 9 mg/kg BW chlorpyrifos and 50 mg/kg BW of propolis for 70 days

  • Restored sperm counts, sperm cell survival, and testosterone level

  • Improved metabolism owing to high content of flavonoids

  • Antioxidant effect
Rabbits/Cypermethrin [125] 50 mg/kg BW of cypermethrin and 50 mg/kg BW of propolis

  • Improved antioxidant status, steroidogenesis, pregnancy outcomes, and litter characteristics

  • Neuroprotective role of Baicalin, lucenin 2, baicalin, and quercetin against cypermethrin toxicity

  • Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-allergic, and anti-platelet activities of luteolin

  • Anti-inflammatory activity of alkaloids

  • Hepato-protective role of organosilicon compounds
Rats/Cadmium [120] 0.5 ppm/L water cadmium and 400 mg/kg BW/day of royal jelly for 60 days

  • Restored sperm quality, testosterone, LH, and fertility

  • Antioxidant agent
Rats/Fumonisin [126] 200 mg/kg diet Fumonisin B-contaminated diet and 100 or 150 mg/kg BW of royal jelly

  • At 150 mg/kg BW, improved antioxidant status and maintained liver and kidney structure and functions

  • Anti-inflammatory activity of neopterin

BW: body weight, g: gram, kg: kilogram, L: liter, LH: luteinizing hormone, mg: milligram, ml: milli, ppm: part per million.