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. 2021 Feb 25;13(3):175. doi: 10.3390/toxins13030175

Table 2.

Indirect effects of NDOs on enterotoxin-producing bacteria.

NDOs Beneficial Bacteria Bacteria Producing
Enterotoxins		 Mechanism of Action Health Benefit Ref.
FOS

  1. Lactobacillus rhamnosus

  2. Lactobacillus reuteri

  3. Lactobacillus rhamnosus (probiotic mixture)

  4. mixture of six Lactobacilli and three Bifidobacteria strains

 Enteropathogenic
Escherichia coli (EPEC),
Clostridium difficile 		Not investigated Growth inhibition [108]
FOS, inulin Lactobacillus rhamnosus Enterotoxigenic
Escherichia coli (ETEC)		 Decrease in cAMP and cGMP levels Anti-virulence activity [109]
FOS, inulin

  1. Lactobcillus acidophilus,

  2. Lactobacillus lactis,

  3. Lactobacillus casei,

  4. Lactobacillus reuteri

Staphylococcus aureus,
Escherichia coli 		Production of metabolites by beneficial bacteria Anti-biofilm, anti-adhesive, antimicrobial effect [110]
FOS, XOS, inulin, mixtures of inulin:FOS (80:20 w/w) and FOS:XOS (50:50 w/w)

  1. Lactobacillus plantarum,

  2. Bifidobacterium bifidum

Escherichia coli Production of SCFA Growth inhibition of Escherichia coli [111]
XOS

  1. Lactobacillus spp.

  2. Bifidobacterium spp.

 Clostridium perfringens Production of SCFA Growth suppression of Clostridium Perfringens [103]
GOS Bifidobacterium breve Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) High production of acetic acid (low pH) Prevention of systemic MRSA infection [112]
GOS,
IMOS

  1. Lactobacillus plantarum,

  2. Lactobacillus paracasei,

  3. Bifidobacterium breve,

  4. Bifidobacterium lactis

Clostridium difficile Stimulation of gut microflora Protective effect against CDI [113]