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. 2021 Feb 25;11(3):599. doi: 10.3390/ani11030599

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Overview of the impact of genomics on several dairy science topics. (1) Method used for the direct selection of heritable measures of gene expression. (2) A statistical framework for genomic estimations. (3) Genomic relationship matrices for highly accurate estimation of genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV). (4) Unique data resolution methods in very large animal populations; GS = iterative Gauss–Seidel; PCG = preconditioned conjugate gradient; one-step GREML = genome-based restricted maximum likelihood used for >50,000 genotyped animal populations. (5) Analysis of the genetic diversity determining population structure, performing high-density genetic maps and providing genotypes for genome-wide association analysis. (6) Determination of the genomic inbreeding footprint for a specific subpopulation by estimating the individual autozygosity. Under each dairy science topic (production, reproduction, health and animal welfare, environment, linear type traits) examples of relevant traits studied through genomic tools to date are listed.