Gold NPs |
High surface to volume ratio, easy functionalization with antibodies, suitable for passive and active targeting, near infrared absorption, localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) characteristics |
|
[34] |
Magnetic NPs |
Selective destruction of cancer cells due to heat release, superparamagnetism, and high field irreversibility |
|
[35] |
Carbon-based NPs |
High strength, electron affinity, water solubility, and biocompatibility |
|
[36,37] |
Quantum dots |
Broad excitation and narrow emission spectra, with high quantum yields and photostability |
|
[38] |
Silica NPs |
High biocompatibility and stability, with easy surface functionalization |
|
[28] |
Upconversion NPs |
Used for the treatment of deep-seated tumors and exhibit lower phototoxicity |
|
[28,39] |
Ceramic NPs |
Controlled release of drugs, easy incorporation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, with high loading capacity |
|
[40] |