Figure 3.

Summary of EVs’ cargo-loading techniques. Several approaches have been explored to efficiently load EVs with therapeutic proteins or RNAs. EVs loading may be performed by modification of donor cells or by engineering isolated EVs. Regarding EVs applied for cardiac repair, recent studies focused on the transfection of parental cells with the desired vectors/molecules by lipofection and electroporation, or in donor cell transduction using viral vectors. Subsequently, the transfected/transduced parental cells use their endogenous machinery to produce EVs loaded with that specific molecule.