Figure 4.

Isolation and characterization of ginseng cells and ginseng cell-derived EVs (GcEVs). (a) Diagrammatic representation of the process for isolating and culturing ginseng cells. After isolating ginseng cells from ginseng roots and culturing them in suspension for two weeks, GcEVs were purified from the culture supernatants by a conventional ultracentrifugation method. (b) Representative phase–contrast images of ginseng roots and ginseng cells. Scale bars, 100 µm. (c) Representative phase–contrast image of ginseng cells in culture. Scale bar, 100 µm. (d) The diameter and the particle number of GcEVs were analyzed by tunable resistive pulse sensing after ultracentrifugation.