Table 1.
Biochemistry analysis of the subjects before ingestion.
| Baseline | Placebo (n = 16) |
SYNKEFIR™ (n = 16) |
|---|---|---|
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 2.23 ± 0.49 | 2.14 ± 0.67 |
| NH3 (μmol/L) | 72 ± 32 | 94 ± 35 |
| CPK (U/L) | 148 ± 45 | 200 ± 124 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 91 ± 11 | 89 ± 9 |
| FFA (mmol/L) | 0.50 ± 0.26 | 0.45 ± 0.21 |
| AST (U/L) | 19 ± 4 | 18 ± 8 |
| ALT (U/L) | 23 ± 12 | 22 ± 10 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 211 ± 32 | 191 ± 22 * |
| TG (mg/dL) | 81 ± 24 | 83 ± 26 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 60 ± 6 | 57 ± 6 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 112 ± 21 | 106 ± 14 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 14.3 ± 2.9 | 12.9 ± 1.9 |
| CREA (mg/dL) | 1.16 ± 0.09 | 1.13 ± 0.11 |
| UA (mg/dL) | 5.64 ± 0.99 | 5.63 ± 1.17 |
| TP (g/dL) | 7.48 ± 0.43 | 7.36 ± 0.33 |
| ALB (g/dL) | 5.10 ± 0.33 | 5.11 ± 0.24 |
Data are shown as the mean ± SD, and intergroup differences were analyzed using Student’s unpaired t-test. * p < 0.05. NH3, blood ammonia; CK, creatine kinase; FFA, free fatty acid; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CREA, creatine; UA, uric acid; TP, total protein; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triacylglycerol. HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.