Table 1.

Related pathways and mechanisms of mitochondria-associated chemoresistance.

Physiological Process	Related Targets	Function on Chemoresistance	Reference
Apoptosis	BCL-xL	Inducing chemoresistance	[172]
	RAB14	Reducing chemosensitivity	[171]
	SMAC	Enhancing apoptosis and chemosensitivity	[175,220]
Autophagy and mitophagy	NAF-1	Regulating autophagy and inducing chemoresistance	[179,182]
	Mitophagy	Either promoting glycolysis and PC progression or causing the loss of mitochondrial function and chemosensitivity	[188,191]
Metabolism	Mitochondrial Complex I	Contributing to chemoresistance	[195,196]
	Glycolytic enzymes including HK and FBA	Inducing chemoresistance	[17,192,208]
	ROS	Mediating the activation of AKT/GSK3β/Snail signaling and contributing to gemcitabine resistance	[201]
	Glutaminase	Promoting tumor proliferation and chemoresistance	[204]
mtDNA-related	mtDNA mutations	Leading to the destruction of the electron transfer chain and OXPHOS inefficiency and enhancing glucose uptake and chemoresistance	[213,219]
	Low mtDNA copy number	Enhancing the switch from mitochondrial respiration to the Warburg effect	[213]
	Released mtDNA	Activating the cGAS/STING-mediated cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway that leads to IFN-β transcription and IFN-β secretion	[216]