Table 1.
Comparison of volatile compounds produced by Piper nigrum L. (CONTROL) leaves after inoculation with Fusarium solani f. sp. piperis (FUS) and co-inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and F. solani f. sp. piperis (AMF + FUS) (mean ± standard deviation)
| Compounds | RIa | RIb | 7 dpi | 21 dpi | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CONTROL | FUS | AMF + FUS | CONTROL | FUS | AMF + FUS | |||
| 2E-hexenal | 846 | 846 | 17.98 ± 5.20 A | 6.11 ± 3.77 B | 1.16 ± 0.92 B | 2.21 ± 0.58 C | 3.50 ± 1.68 C | 3.06 ± 0.83 C |
| δ-elemene | 1335 | 1339 | 2.92 ± 0.14 | 5.20 ± 0.34 | 5.15 ± 0.82 | 4.11 ± 0.18 | 4.02 ± 0.66 | 3.42 ± 0.11 |
| α-cubebene | 1345 | 1352 | 2.70 ± 0.19 | 4.17 ± 0.77 | 3.42 ± 0.30 | 2.45 ± 0.32 | 2.86 ± 0.14 | 2.87 ± 0.09 |
| α-copaene | 1374 | 1378 | 1.95 ± 0.45 | 6.32 ± 2.68 | 6.16 ± 0.90 | 4.11 ± 0.39 | 3.67 ± 0.34 | 4.46 ± 0.22 |
| β-cubebene | 1387 | 1392 | 3.32 ± 0.55 | 2.93 ± 0.81 | 0.0 | 1.08 ± 0.06 | 0.89 ± 0.03 | 1.10 ± 0.13 |
| α-gurjunene | 1409 | 1413 | 0.97 ± 0.23 | 4.78 ± 2.43 | 3.94 ± 0.20 | 3.46 ± 0.14 | 3.89 ± 0.32 | 3.62 ± 0.09 |
| β-caryophyllene | 1417 | 1423 | 2.76 ± 0.63 | 5.32 ± 1.15 | 4.73 ± 0.23 | 4.07 ± 0.33 | 6.54 ± 1.78 | 3.80 ± 0.27 |
| β-selinene | 1489 | 1491 | 1.94 ± 0.49 | 5.26 ± 0.89 | 3.86 ± 0.48 | 4.40 ± 0.28 | 4.36 ± 0.42 | 3.57 ± 0.16 |
| Z-β-guaiene | 1492 | 1500 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 6.59 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| viridiflorene | 1496 | 1500 | 5.36 ± 0.13 | 5.78 ± 0.88 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| bicyclogermacrene | 1500 | 1502 | 4.60 ± 0.48 | 4.12 ± 3.15 | 11.82 ± 4.75 | 5.20 ± 0.28 | 4.21 ± 0.79 | 7.13 ± 2.17 |
| α-muurolene | 1500 | 1505 | 1.63 ± 0.32 A | 2.49 ± 0.63 A | 3.31 ± 0.62 A | 16.68 ± 2.44 B | 0.0 C | 3.08 ± 0.18 D |
| E-β-guaiene | 1502 | 1522 | 0.0 | 4.77 ± 0.84 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| δ-amorphene | 1511 | 1512 | 0.0 | 2.18 ± 1.93 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.52 ± 0.12 |
| γ-cadinene | 1513 | 1521 | 6.78 ± 0.70 | 8.82 ± 0.40 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.45 ± 0.14 |
| δ-cadinene | 1513 | 1522 | 3.630.57 | 3.92 ± 0.39 | 4.16 ± 0.87 | 10.60 ± 0.57 | 10.07 ± 0.55 | 5.23 ± 0.69 |
| E-nerolidol | 1561 | 1567 | 2.42 ± 0.70 | 1.11 ± 0.56 | 1.94 ± 0.79 | 2.96 ± 0.62 | 2.08 ± 0.28 | 1.04 ± 0.12 |
| caryophyllene oxide | 1582 | 1589 | 1.33 ± 0.29 | 1.02 ± 0.23 | 1.50 ± 0.09 | 2.03 ± 0.26 | 1.38 ± 0.17 | 1.52 ± 0.33 |
| α-epi-muurolol | 1640 | 1647 | 3.05 ± 0.84 | 3.97 ± 0.78 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| α-muurolol | 1644 | 1651 | 20.59 ± 2.71 A | 24.52 ± 0.83 B | 0.0 C | 0.0 D | 3.23 ± 0.27 E | 10.91 ± 0.44 F |
| cubenol | 1645 | 1653 | 0.0 | 14.20 ± 4.73 | 18.97 ± 2.02 | 3.15 ± 0.08 | 9.07 ± 0.34 | 1.79 |
| α-cadinol | 1652 | 1659 | 0.86 ± 0.29 | 1.44 ± 0.47 | 0.56 ± 0.06 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.39 ± 0.36 |
| Monoterpene hydrocarbons | 0.27 ± 0.43 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.76 ± 0.09 | 1.90 ± 0.51 | 3.64 ± 2.12 | ||
| Oxygenated monoterpenes | 0.72 ± 0.20 | 1.05 ± 0.58 | 0.0 | 1.40 ± 0.22 | 1.49 ± 0.24 | 1.59 ± 0.31 | ||
| Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons | 45.09 ± 7.54 A | 78.86 ± 20.67 A | 56.25 ± 10.41 A | 72.92 ± 6.86 A | 51.93 ± 6.80 A | 55.20 ± 6.40 A | ||
| Oxygenated Sesquiterpenes | 29.96 ± 5.70 A | 50.04 ± 9.39 A,B | 28.64 ± 4.64 A,C | 15.35 ± 2.90 A | 21.69 ± 2.98 A | 24.63 ± 3.82 A | ||
| Phenylpropanoids | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||
| Others | 18.36 ± 5.40 | 6.29 ± 3.83 | 2.48 ± 1.18 | 3.24 ± 1.15 | 4.97 ± 2.01 | 5.09 ± 1.94 | ||
| Total | 94.40 ± 19.27 | 136.25 ± 34.48 | 87.37 ± 16.23 | 93.67 ± 11.21 | 81.98 ± 12.53 | 90.15 ± 14.58 | ||
This table contains only volatile compounds above 2% present in at least one of the treatments. RIa: Retention Index of Library; RIb: Retention index calculated; Different letters varied statistically by Tukey’s test (p < 0.05).