Table 2.
Comparison of volatile compounds produced by Piper nigrum L. (CONTROL) roots after inoculation with Fusarium solani f. sp. piperis (FUS) and co-inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and F. solani f. sp. piperis (AMF + FUS) (mean ± standard deviation)
| Compounds | RIa | RIb | 7 dpi | 21 dpi | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CONTROL | FUS | AMF + FUS | CONTROL | FUS | AMF + FUS | |||
| n-octane | 800 | 775 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 7.72 ± 3.30 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| n-nonane | 900 | 900 | 3.53 ± 0.84 | 4.02 ± 0.47 | 3.79 ± 1.61 | 4.70 ± 0.71 | 8.24 ± 1.25 | 7.23 ± 0.95 |
| α-pinene | 932 | 927 | 2.28 ± 0.41 | 2.76 ± 0.24 | 1.75 ± 0.26 | 3.42 ± 0.76 | 3.58 ± 0.43 | 3.44 ± 1.07 |
| canfene | 946 | 945 | 1.64 ± 0.93 | 3.95 ± 1.30 | 1.46 ± 0.53 | 8.17 ± 0.34 | 6.36 ± 1.25 | 4.50 ± 1.95 |
| β-pinene | 974 | 971 | 4.05 ± 1.38 | 3.11 ± 0.46 | 2.16 ± 0.20 | 3.42 ± 1.10 | 3.98 ± 0.76 | 3.71 ± 1.57 |
| limonene | 1024 | 1022 | 6.31 ± 1.70 | 4.88 ± 0.69 | 3.44 ± 0.30 | 6.25 ± 1.49 | 5.81 ± 1.64 | 6.53 ± 2.12 |
| camphor | 1141 | 1146 | 1.82 ± 0.49 | 3.17 ± 0.56 | 0.87 ± 0.46 | 1.57 ± 0.38 | 1.36 ± 0.59 | 0.46 ± 0.14 |
| isoborneol | 1155 | 1158 | 1.62 ± 0.45 | 0.54 ± 0.13 | 0.44 ± 0.19 | 2.31 ± 0.36 | 1.60 ± 0.35 | 0.62 ± 0.10 |
| δ-elemene | 1335 | 1337 | 12.68 ± 1.23 | 8.90 ± 1.88 | 10.33 ± 3.50 | 4.06 ± 2.41 | 5.50 ± 2.46 | 2.98 ± 0.92 |
| β-caryophyllene | 1417 | 1423 | 32.93 ± 5.34 | 34.58 ± 2.38 | 42.79 ± 9.36 | 26.60 ± 3.21 | 27.21 ± 1.80 | 26.32 ± 1.16 |
| Monoterpene hydrocarbons | 15.37 ± 4.86 | 15.74 ± 3.17 | 15.37 ± 4.86 | 22.63 ± 4.19 | 21.10 ± 4.37 | 19.75 ± 7.13 | ||
| Oxygenated monoterpenes | 3.44 ± 0.95 | 3.71 ± 0.68 | 1.31 ± 0.65 | 3.88 ± 0.74 A,B | 2.96 ± 0.93 A | 1.08 ± 0.24 A,C | ||
| Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons | 51.80 ± 7.81 | 49.61 ± 5.34 | 51.80 ± 7.81 | 35.37 ± 7.23 | 37.07 ± 5.67 | 32.91 ± 3.06 | ||
| Oxygenated Sesquiterpenes | 2.18 ± 0.84 | 3.48 ± 0.83 | 2.42 ± 0.18 | 2.42 ± 1.12 | 0.20 ± 0.04 | 0.94 ± 0.60 | ||
| Others | 3.66 ± 0.91 | 4.19 ± 0.49 | 11.62 ± 4.91 | 5.68 ± 0.84 | 8.70 ± 1.29 | 7.61 ± 0.99 | ||
| Total | 76.44 ± 15.37 | 76.74 ± 10.51 | 76.44 ± 15.37 | 69.98 ± 14.11 | 70.03 ± 12.30 | 62.29 ± 12.02 | ||
This table contains only volatile compounds above 2% present in at least one of the treatments. RIa: Retention index of library; RIb: Retention index calculated; Different letters varied statistically by Tukey’s test (p < 0.05).