Table 2.
Percent damage caused to fruit at harvest in participating orchards (1977–2001: n = 1000 fruits; 2002-2019: n = 500 fruits). Reference (insecticide-free) orchard located at Frelighsburg, Qc (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1977–2002) and Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville from 2003 to 2019. Commercial orchards located at Franklin, Hemmingford, Oka, Rougemont and Saint-Paul d’Abbotsford. PHASE1: average from 1977–2002. PHASE2: average from 2003–2019. OVERALL: average from 1977–2019).
| Internal lepidoptera | Codling Moth Only | Leafrollers | Oblique-Banded Leafroller Only |
Plant Bugs | Tarnished Plant Bug Only | Plum Curculio | Apple Maggot | European Apple Sawfly | Apple Scab | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reference orchard | Commercial Orchards | Reference Orchard | Commercial Orchards | Reference Orchard | Commercial Orchards | Reference Orchard | Commercial Orchards | Reference Orchard | Commercial Orchards | Reference Orchard | Commercial Orchards | Reference Orchard | Commercial Orchards | Reference Orchard | Commercial Orchards | Reference Orchard | Commercial Orchards | Commercial Orchards | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 1977 | 27.3 | 0.1 | ±0.0 | 18.7 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 10.0 | 2.7 | ±1.3 | 1.9 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 7.4 | 1.5 | ±0.5 | 2.5 | 1.2 | ±0.4 | 5.5 | 0.2 | ±0.1 | 3.7 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | N/A | N/A | 1.2 | ±0.5 | ||||||||||
| 1978 | 39.2 | 1.0 | ±0.3 | 25.4 | 0.1 | ±0.1 | 17.1 | 1.9 | ±1.2 | 1.1 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 7.6 | 2.4 | ±0.7 | 1.5 | 1.8 | ±0.7 | 8.8 | 0.1 | ±0.0 | 2.5 | 0.3 | ±0.2 | N/A | N/A | 2.3 | ±1.4 | ||||||||||
| 1979 | 23.0 | 0.6 | ±0.2 | 19.7 | 0.1 | ±0.0 | 17.0 | 1.7 | ±0.8 | 2.2 | 0.3 | ±0.2 | 10.4 | 5.0 | ±0.9 | 5.5 | 3.9 | ±0.9 | 40.7 | 0.1 | ±0.1 | 10.3 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | N/A | N/A | 0.6 | ±0.5 | ||||||||||
| 1980 | 27.0 | 0.1 | ±0.1 | 22.4 | 0.1 | ±0.1 | 30.4 | 1.1 | ±0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | ±0.1 | 23.0 | 1.7 | ±0.3 | 5.9 | 0.9 | ±0.1 | 53.7 | 0.1 | ±0.0 | 31.8 | 0.2 | ±0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 2.0 | ±1.1 | |||||||||
| 1981 | 32.8 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 29.1 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 13.9 | 0.9 | ±0.2 | 0.4 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 34.3 | 2.7 | ±1.2 | 14.3 | 2.1 | ±1.2 | 85.3 | 0.9 | ±0.8 | 61.0 | 0.2 | ±0.1 | 1.2 | 0.7 | ±0.6 | 2.1 | ±1.0 | |||||||||
| 1982 | 0.3 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 7.9 | 0.4 | ±0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 4.4 | 2.2 | ±0.4 | 1.0 | 1.5 | ±0.5 | 24.0 | 0.1 | ±0.1 | 0.9 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 0.2 | 0.4 | ±0.3 | 3.6 | ±2.1 | |||||||||
| 1983 | 9.9 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 5.7 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 5.4 | 0.5 | ±0.2 | 2.9 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 13.5 | 2.3 | ±0.7 | 6.8 | 1.1 | ±0.2 | 37.0 | 0.1 | ±0.0 | 14.3 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 0.4 | 0.1 | ±0.1 | 2.8 | ±1.4 | |||||||||
| 1984 | 24.2 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 18.9 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 11.4 | 1.7 | ±1.5 | 6.6 | 1.4 | ±1.4 | 33.1 | 1.0 | ±0.3 | 6.2 | 0.4 | ±0.1 | 52.3 | 0.2 | ±0.1 | 10.6 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 2.9 | 0.2 | ±0.1 | 0.8 | ±0.2 | |||||||||
| 1985 | 23.2 | 0.1 | ±0.1 | 16.1 | 0.1 | ±0.1 | 27.9 | 2.2 | ±1.3 | 7.4 | 1.3 | ±1.2 | 35.3 | 1.4 | ±0.5 | 10.4 | 0.9 | ±0.4 | 59.2 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 21.5 | 0.1 | ±0.0 | 0.9 | 0.1 | ±0.0 | 1.2 | ±0.8 | |||||||||
| 1986 | 38.2 | 0.4 | ±0.4 | 34.4 | 0.1 | ±0.1 | 15.6 | 2.0 | ±1.1 | 2.0 | 0.1 | ±0.1 | 23.2 | 2.6 | ±1.4 | 6.3 | 1.6 | ±0.6 | 48.8 | 2.0 | ±1.1 | 51.6 | 0.5 | ±0.3 | 4.1 | 7.1 | ±3.0 | 3.2 | ±1.5 | |||||||||
| 1987 | 48.2 | 2.3 | ±2.3 | 30.6 | 1.7 | ±1.7 | 20.3 | 1.0 | ±0.5 | 5.6 | 0.6 | ±0.6 | 35.7 | 4.8 | ±3.6 | 7.7 | 1.4 | ±1.3 | 84.6 | 0.2 | ±0.2 | 48.4 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 0.7 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 6.0 | ±3.1 | |||||||||
| 1988 | 35.9 | 0.2 | ±0.2 | 22.0 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 28.6 | 0.2 | ±0.1 | 5.0 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 27.9 | 3.3 | ±1.3 | 13.3 | 1.9 | ±0.8 | 79.9 | 0.6 | ±0.6 | 23.7 | 0.7 | ±0.7 | 3.5 | 0.1 | ±0.1 | 2.1 | ±1.5 | |||||||||
| 1989 | 9.7 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 2.0 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 40.0 | 0.7 | ±0.2 | 5.3 | 0.2 | ±0.2 | 33.7 | 3.9 | ±2.2 | 11.1 | 3.1 | ±1.8 | 39.4 | 0.1 | ±0.1 | 2.3 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 7.4 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 0.6 | ±0.2 | |||||||||
| 1990 | 22.8 | 0.1 | ±0.1 | 19.0 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 40.4 | 0.1 | ±0.1 | N/A | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 44.4 | 3.1 | ±1.0 | 4.4 | 2.5 | ±0.7 | 35.4 | 7.6 | ±7.4 | 81.6 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 4.2 | 0.1 | ±0.1 | 1.3 | ±1.1 | |||||||||
| 1991 | N/A | N/A | 23.0 | 0.1 | ±0.1 | 55.6 | 0.4 | ±0.1 | 3.2 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 17.0 | 3.5 | ±2.1 | 5.2 | 2.8 | ±2.1 | 15.8 | 0.1 | ±0.1 | 46.0 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 1.4 | 0.1 | ±0.1 | 0.2 | ±0.1 | ||||||||||
| 1992 | N/A | N/A | 16.6 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 38.2 | 0.4 | ±0.2 | 5.6 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 74.4 | 7.8 | ±3.4 | 12.6 | 7.5 | ±3.2 | 30.2 | 1.4 | ±1.3 | 28.2 | 0.3 | ±0.3 | 1.0 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 0.1 | ±0.1 | ||||||||||
| 1993 | N/A | N/A | 58.4 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 36.0 | 0.7 | ±0.3 | 20.4 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 24.2 | 2.6 | ±1.0 | 4.6 | 2.2 | ±0.9 | 80.4 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 49.0 | 0.1 | ±0.1 | 2.6 | 0.1 | ±0.1 | 0.2 | ±0.2 | ||||||||||
| 1994 | 43.2 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 43.2 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 17.8 | 0.8 | ±0.5 | 4.4 | 0.1 | ±0.1 | 23.4 | 1.1 | ±0.4 | 3.4 | 0.7 | ±0.4 | 86.0 | 0.3 | ±0.2 | 55.8 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 1.2 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 0.2 | ±0.2 | |||||||||
| 1995 | 38.0 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 38.0 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 55.4 | 0.2 | ±0.1 | 4.8 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 45.2 | 3.2 | ±2.4 | 3.2 | 2.6 | ±2.1 | 88.2 | 0.2 | ±0.1 | 98.4 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 1.0 | 0.7 | ±0.7 | 1.5 | ±0.9 | |||||||||
| 1996 | 10.2 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 10.2 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 47.4 | 0.9 | ±0.3 | 0.6 | 0.1 | ±0.1 | 25.4 | 1.5 | ±0.5 | 3.6 | 1.0 | ±0.3 | 39.4 | 0.3 | ±0.2 | 90.0 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 1.4 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 1.2 | ±1.0 | |||||||||
| 1997 | 15.2 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 15.2 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 64.6 | 1.7 | ±1.3 | 1.0 | 0.1 | ±0.0 | 17.6 | 0.4 | ±0.1 | 3.0 | 0.2 | ±0.1 | 86.2 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 96.8 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 1.8 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 0.3 | ±0.2 | |||||||||
| 1998 | 16.8 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 16.8 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 31.4 | 1.2 | ±1.0 | 1.0 | 1.1 | ±1.0 | 12.0 | 3.3 | ±0.9 | 6.2 | 2.9 | ±0.8 | 48.0 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 94.6 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 7.2 | 0.5 | ±0.2 | 0.4 | ±0.3 | |||||||||
| 1999 | N/A | 0.1 | ±0.1 | N/A | 0.1 | ±0.1 | N/A | 2.4 | ±1.0 | N/A | 0.8 | ±0.4 | N/A | 0.7 | ±0.4 | N/A | 0.3 | ±0.2 | N/A | 0.1 | ±0.1 | N/A | 0.0 | ±0.0 | N/A | 2.2 | ±1.9 | 0.1 | ±0.1 | |||||||||
| 2000 | 27.2 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 27.2 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 62.0 | 1.8 | ±0.5 | 4.8 | 0.7 | ±0.5 | 30.4 | 1.6 | ±0.5 | 11.2 | 1.4 | ±0.4 | 88.8 | 0.3 | ±0.2 | 86.8 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 7.8 | 0.1 | ±0.0 | 1.3 | ±1.1 | |||||||||
| 2001 | 22.2 | 0.1 | ±0.0 | 22.2 | 0.1 | ±0.0 | 69.6 | 3.5 | ±0.8 | 12.6 | 1.2 | ±0.7 | 24.4 | 4.5 | ±2.4 | 9.4 | 3.7 | ±2.0 | 89.6 | 0.3 | ±0.1 | 89.8 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 9.4 | 0.5 | ±0.3 | 0.2 | ±0.1 | |||||||||
| 2002 | 39.0 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 39.0 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 56.0 | 2.6 | ±1.3 | 9.4 | 0.5 | ±0.4 | 18.4 | 0.9 | ±0.5 | 4.8 | 0.7 | ±0.4 | 82.2 | 0.1 | ±0.1 | 93.2 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 4.8 | 0.6 | ±0.3 | 0.3 | ±0.1 | |||||||||
| PHASE1 | 26.1 | 0.2 | ±0.1 | 23.0 | 0.1 | ±0.1 | 32.8 | 1.3 | ±0.2 | 4.5 | 0.3 | ±0.1 | 25.9 | 2.6 | ±0.3 | 6.6 | 1.9 | ±0.3 | 55.6 | 0.6 | ±0.3 | 47.7 | 0.1 | ±0.0 | 3.0 | 0.6 | ±0.3 | 1.4 | ±0.3 | |||||||||
| 2003 | 2.0 | 0.4 | ±0.3 | 2.0 | 0.4 | ±0.3 | 10.0 | 2.2 | ±0.5 | 1.0 | 0.7 | ±0.3 | 9.0 | 2.2 | ±0.6 | 6.0 | 1.6 | ±0.2 | 24.0 | 0.9 | ±0.5 | 1.0 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 4.0 | 0.1 | ±0.0 | 0.4 | ±0.3 | |||||||||
| 2004 | N/A | 0.4 | ±0.3 | N/A | 0.4 | ±0.3 | N/A | 2.6 | ±0.8 | N/A | 0.3 | ±0.1 | N/A | 1.5 | ±0.5 | N/A | 0.6 | ±0.2 | N/A | 0.1 | ±0.0 | N/A | 0.0 | ±0.0 | N/A | 0.5 | ±0.4 | 0.2 | ±0.1 | |||||||||
| 2005 | N/A | 0.5 | ±0.3 | N/A | 0.5 | ±0.3 | N/A | 1.5 | ±0.5 | N/A | 0.1 | ±0.1 | N/A | 0.8 | ±0.4 | N/A | 0.6 | ±0.3 | N/A | 0.6 | ±0.6 | N/A | 0.0 | ±0.0 | N/A | 0.4 | ±0.3 | 1.0 | ±0.9 | |||||||||
| 2006 | N/A | 0.9 | ±0.6 | N/A | 0.9 | ±0.6 | N/A | 1.5 | ±0.5 | N/A | 0.3 | ±0.2 | N/A | 0.9 | ±0.2 | N/A | 0.8 | ±0.2 | N/A | 0.0 | ±0.0 | N/A | 0.0 | ±0.0 | N/A | 0.4 | ±0.2 | 2.8 | ±2.3 | |||||||||
| 2007 | N/A | 1.1 | ±0.6 | N/A | 1.1 | ±0.6 | N/A | 0.9 | ±0.3 | N/A | 0.3 | ±0.1 | N/A | 2.9 | ±1.0 | N/A | 1.5 | ±0.2 | N/A | 0.2 | ±0.2 | N/A | 0.0 | ±0.0 | N/A | 0.3 | ±0.2 | 4.3 | ±2.9 | |||||||||
| 2008 | N/A | 0.1 | ±0.1 | N/A | 0.1 | ±0.1 | N/A | 1.0 | ±0.6 | N/A | 0.0 | ±0.0 | N/A | 0.8 | ±0.2 | N/A | 0.5 | ±0.2 | N/A | 0.3 | ±0.2 | N/A | 0.2 | ±0.1 | N/A | 0.9 | ±0.4 | 3.5 | ±3.0 | |||||||||
| 2009 | N/A | 0.2 | ±0.1 | N/A | 0.2 | ±0.1 | N/A | 1.2 | ±0.4 | N/A | 0.1 | ±0.1 | N/A | 1.4 | ±0.6 | N/A | 1.1 | ±0.6 | N/A | 0.1 | ±0.1 | N/A | 0.0 | ±0.0 | N/A | 0.6 | ±0.4 | 0.8 | ±0.6 | |||||||||
| 2010 | N/A | 1.2 | ±1.0 | N/A | 1.2 | ±1.0 | N/A | 0.1 | ±0.1 | N/A | 0.1 | ±0.1 | N/A | 0.7 | ±0.4 | N/A | 0.7 | ±0.4 | N/A | 0.1 | ±0.1 | N/A | 0.4 | ±0.4 | N/A | 0.5 | ±0.2 | 0.8 | ±0.8 | |||||||||
| 2011 | 9.1 | 0.4 | ±0.3 | 9.1 | 0.4 | ±0.3 | 5.1 | 0.1 | ±0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | ±0.1 | 5.3 | 2.3 | ±0.8 | 3.3 | 2.2 | ±0.8 | 8.8 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 93.0 | 0.3 | ±0.3 | 2.9 | 0.6 | ±0.5 | 1.7 | ±1.5 | |||||||||
| 2012 | 11.7 | 1.1 | ±0.2 | 11.7 | 1.1 | ±0.2 | 3.7 | 0.2 | ±0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | ±0.1 | 2.9 | 1.7 | ±0.6 | 0.3 | 1.2 | ±0.4 | 16.3 | 0.1 | ±0.1 | 72.7 | 0.3 | ±0.1 | 8.0 | 0.7 | ±0.3 | 1.2 | ±0.6 | |||||||||
| 2013 | 13.0 | 0.6 | ±0.3 | 13.0 | 0.6 | ±0.3 | 4.0 | 0.2 | ±0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | ±0.1 | 7.3 | 3.0 | ±0.5 | 4.3 | 1.8 | ±0.7 | 16.0 | 0.3 | ±0.2 | 60.3 | 0.2 | ±0.1 | 1.3 | 0.4 | ±0.3 | 0.6 | ±0.6 | |||||||||
| 2014 | 27.7 | 1.0 | ±0.2 | 27.7 | 1.0 | ±0.2 | 15.0 | 0.2 | ±0.2 | 0.3 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 9.6 | 1.6 | ±0.7 | 7.0 | 1.3 | ±0.6 | 23.3 | 0.9 | ±0.6 | 91.7 | 0.6 | ±0.5 | 1.0 | 0.1 | ±0.1 | 0.1 | ±0.1 | |||||||||
| 2015 | 3.3 | 0.1 | ±0.1 | 3.3 | 0.1 | ±0.1 | 15.6 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 11.6 | 2.3 | ±0.9 | 6.6 | 2.0 | ±0.9 | 16.3 | 0.3 | ±0.2 | 73.4 | 0.4 | ±0.4 | 5.3 | 0.6 | ±0.4 | 4.1 | ±4.1 | |||||||||
| 2016 | 4.7 | 0.2 | ±0.1 | 4.7 | 0.2 | ±0.1 | 14.1 | 0.2 | ±0.2 | 0.7 | 0.1 | ±0.1 | 10.6 | 3.1 | ±1.0 | 6.3 | 2.7 | ±1.1 | 78.7 | 0.2 | ±0.2 | 59.3 | 0.9 | ±0.4 | 1.7 | 0.2 | ±0.1 | 0.5 | ±0.5 | |||||||||
| 2017 | 10.0 | 0.4 | ±0.4 | 10.0 | 0.4 | ±0.4 | 13.7 | 0.2 | ±0.2 | 0.7 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 20.0 | 2.2 | ±1.0 | 12.7 | 1.7 | ±0.7 | 31.3 | 0.4 | ±0.2 | 22.7 | 0.2 | ±0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | ±0.0 | 2.7 | ±1.6 | |||||||||
| 2018 | 22.7 | 1.0 | ±0.6 | 22.0 | 1.0 | ±0.6 | 12.3 | 0.4 | ±0.3 | 0.0 | 0.3 | ±0.3 | 15.0 | 1.0 | ±0.5 | 9.3 | 0.9 | ±0.5 | 60.3 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 66.3 | 0.3 | ±0.2 | 2.0 | 0.1 | ±0.1 | 0.1 | ±0.1 | |||||||||
| 2019 | 6.7 | 1.7 | ±0.7 | 6.7 | 1.7 | ±0.7 | 10.3 | 0.3 | ±0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | ±0.2 | 6.3 | 1.2 | ±0.6 | 2.3 | 0.6 | ±0.3 | 10.3 | 0.6 | ±0.4 | 16.3 | 0.8 | ±0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | 0.0 | ±0.0 | |||||||||
| PHASE2 | 11.1 | 0.7 | ±0.1 | 11.0 | 0.7 | ±0.1 | 10.4 | 0.8 | ±0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | ±0.0 | 9.8 | 1.8 | ±0.2 | 5.8 | 1.3 | ±0.2 | 28.5 | 0.3 | ±0.1 | 55.7 | 0.3 | ±0.1 | 2.7 | 0.4 | ±0.1 | 1.5 | ±0.4 | |||||||||
| OVERALL | 21.4 | 0.4 | ±0.1 | 19.6 | 0.3 | ±0.1 | 26.4 | 1.1 | ±0.1 | 3.3 | 0.3 | ±0.1 | 21.3 | 2.3 | ±0.2 | 6.3 | 1.7 | ±0.2 | 47.8 | 0.5 | ±0.2 | 50.0 | 0.2 | ±0.0 | 2.9 | 0.5 | ±0.2 | 1.4 | ±0.2 | |||||||||