Table 2.

Behavioral categories and their definitions.

Overarching Behavioral Category	Behavioral Categories	Definitions
Mother–cub behaviors	Resting (%) [2]	Individuals remain stationary in various postures, lying, or sitting without changing position, which is called the non-active state. Includes holding the cub and resting while the cub is on the ground.
	Feeding (%) [2]	Consumption, or processing for consumption, of provisioned food, including bamboo and supplementary diet items in a variety of postures while holding the cub, including lateral lying, ventral lying, lying and sitting.
	Locomotion (%) [2]	Any kind of directional travel between points, including walking, standing, running, grooming, climbing, changing position, nursing, dropping cubs and any other form of interaction between the mother and the infant.
	Maternal behaviors (%) [14]	Includes grooming the cub; nursing the cub; licking the cub’s anogenitals; holding the cub. Mother provides physical comfort to infant as a response to its vocalization or movement.
	Mother–cub interaction behavior (%)	All the state behaviors of mother-infant. Includes resting, feeding and locomotion.
Behavior of mother during separation from her cubs	Stereotypic behaviors (times/min) [2]	Animal moves back and forth or walks in circles in a repetitive way at least three times, including pacing (continuous walking back and forth following the same path); circling (walking following a defined route by placing feet in the same position each time); railing-directed movements (animal waits at the door restlessly, standing on their hind legs and putting their fore legs on the railing, or scratching the railing to indicate the expectation of her cub being delivered). These actions are repeated at least 3 times in succession.
	Stand and Locomotion (%) [2]	Individuals in various non-stationary states, any kind of directional travel between points, including walking, running and climbing without placing their feet in the same position each time and following the same path. Stand and Locomotion is called the active state.
	Resting (%) [2]	Individuals remain stationary in various postures, lying, sitting or standing without changing position, which is called the non-active state.
	Feeding and Drinking (%) [2]	Consumption, or processing for consumption, of provisioned food, including bamboo and supplementary diet items and drinking water in a variety of postures, including lateral lying, ventral lying, lying and sitting.
	Excretion (%) [2]	Urinating and defecating while in a squat, leg cock, handstand, or standing posture on the wall or ground.