Table 2.
Vitamin content of some edible seaweeds (mg/100 g edible portion).
| Species/Vitamins | A | B1 | B2 | B3 | B5 | B6 | B8 | B12 | C | D | E | Folic Acid | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chlorophyta | |||||||||||||
| Ulva lactuca | 0.017 | <0.024 | 0.533 | 98 * | - | - | - | 6 * | <0.242 | - | - | - | [155,156] |
| U. rigida | 9581 | 0.47 | 0.199 | <0.5 | 1.70 | <0.1 | 0.012 | 6 | 9.42 | - | 19.7 | 0.108 | [157] |
| Phaeophyceae | |||||||||||||
| Alaria esculenta | - | 0.6 | 0.3–2.7 | 11 | - | 6 | - | 5 | 100–500 * | - | - | - | [156,158] |
| Ascophyllum nodosum | - | 1.5 | 0.6 | 1.9 | - | <0.1 | - | <0.1 | 52 | - | - | 15 | [158] |
| Fucus vesiculosus | 0.307 | 0.02 | 0.035 | - | - | - | - | - | 14.124 | - | - | - | [155,159] |
| Himanthalia elongata | 0.079–0.3 | 0.020–0.3 | 0.020–4.5 | - | - | - | - | - | 28.56–66 | - | 5.8 | 0. 176–0.258 | [155,158,159,160] |
| Laminaria digitata | - | 0.3–1.250 | 0.138–0.8 | 2.6–6.12 | - | 6.41 | 6.41 | 0.0005 | 16–35.5 | - | 3.43–4.7 | - | [157,161] |
| L. ochroleuca | 0.041 | 0.058 | 0.212 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.353 | - | - | 0.479 | [155,160] |
| Lobophora variegata | 10.340 | 0.3771 | 0.3491 | 4.0162 | 1.36 | 0.3040 | - | 0.119 | 23.430 | 0.6442 | 2.13 | 1.983 | [162] |
| Saccharina japonica | 0.481 | 0.2 | 0.85 | 1.58 | 0.09 | - | - | - | - | - | [163] | ||
| S. latissima | 0.04–0.4 | 0.05–0.2 | 0.21–0.4 | 1.7 | - | 0.2 | - | 0.0003-0.2 | 0.35 | 18 | 1.6 | [158,159] | |
| Undaria pinnatifida | 0.04–0.22 | 0.17–0.30 | 0.23–1.4 | 2.56 | - | 0.18 | - | 0.0036 | 5.29 | 1.4–2.5 | 0.479 | [155,159,160,163] | |
| Rhodophyta | |||||||||||||
| Chondrus crispus | <0.1 | <0.1 | 2.5 | 3.2 | - | 0.4 | - | 0.6–4 * | 10–13 * | 16 | - | 4.7 | [156,158,164] |
| Gracilaria spp. | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 16–149 ** | - | - | - | [165] |
| Palmaria palmata | 1.59–3.7 | 0.073–1.56 | 0.51–1.91 | 1.89–2.6 | - | 6.8–8.99 | - | 0.009–3.5 | 6.34–34.5 | - | 2.2–13.9 | 0.267–3.5 | [156,158,159,160] |
| Porphyra umbilicalis | 3.65 | 0.144 | 0.36 | - | - | - | - | 0.029 | 4.214 | 60 | - | 0.363 | [155,159,160] |
| Neopyropia yezoensis | 16000 *** | 0.129 | 0.382 | 11.0 | - | - | - | 0.052 | - | - | - | - | [166,167] |
* Expressed as ppm; ** expressed as mg%; *** expressed as I.U.; A = Retinol; B1 = Thiamin; B2 = Riboflavin; B3 = Niacin; B5 = Pantothenic Acid; B6 = Pyridoxine; B8 = Biotin; B12 = Cobalamin; C = Ascorbic Acid; D = Cholecalciferol; E = Folic Acid.