Table 3.
Effects of the addition of xylooligosaccharide (XOS) to swine and poultry feeds.
| Animal | BW, kg | Age, Day | Duration, Day | % XOS in Feed, (Purity) | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Broiler | ND | 1 | 42 | 0.0025, 0.0050, 0.0075, and 0.0100 (35% XOS) | Linearly improved FCR (4%) (100 mg/kg) and water-holding capability in thigh muscle (37%) (100 mg/kg). Linearly decreased duodenal crypt depth (12%) (100 mg/kg) | [141] |
| Broiler | ND | 1 | 39 | 0.20 (d 1 to 13) and 0.50 (d 14 to 39) (35% XOS) |
Improved FCR (2%). Increased villus length in ileum (14%). Higher abundance of butyrate producing species and Lactobacillus crispatus | [142] |
| Broiler | ND | 1 | 59 | 0.005, 0.01, and 0.02 (8.24% XOS) | Improved ADG (9.44%), FCR (4.18%) [10 g/kg].Enhanced endocrine metabolism and improved immune function | [143] |
| Broiler | ND | 1 | 21 | 0.50 2 | Decreased glucose, VLDL, and Streptococci and E. coli populations. Increased Bifidobacteria |
[144] |
| Broiler | ND | 1 | 29 | 0.025 and 0.100 (35% XOS) | 0.100% reduced FI (11.82%). Improved FCR (11.5%) | [145] |
| Broiler 1 | ND | 21 | 21 | 0.025 2 | Improved BWG (6.01%), G/F (2.32%). Increased proportion of SCFAs | [146] |
| Laying hen | ND | 196 | 56 | 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, and 0.05 2 | Increase in eggshell thickness, eggshell relative weight and plasma 1,25(OH)2 D3. Lowered plasma GPT, cholesterol, HDL, VLDL |
[147] |
| Pig | 6.30 | 21 | 28 | 0.02 (50% XOS) | Improved ADG (17%), FCR (14%). Decreased NH3 levels | [128] |
| Pig | 7.44 | ND | 28 | 0.01 (40% XOS) | Reduced serum IFN-γ. Enhanced α-diversity | [129] |
| Pig | 30.00 | 70 | 30 to 100 kg BW | 0.01, 0.025, and 0.05 (35% XOS) | Increased abundance of Lactobacilli and other beneficial bacteria. Increased SCFA concentration [100 g/t] |
[126] |
1 Challenged with coccidia. 2 XOS purity not reported. ND, no data. FCR, feed conversion ratio. ADG, average daily gain. VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein. FI, feed intake. BWG, body weight gain. SCFA, short-chain fatty acid. GPT, alanine aminotransferase. HDL, high-density lipoprotein. IFN-γ, interferon-γ.