Table 1.

Neurotransmitters of Sleep and Wake

Neurotransmitter	Origin	Firing Rate
		Awake	NREM	REM
Serotonin (5-HT)	Raphe	Hi	Lo	Off
Norepinephrine (NE)	Locus Coeruleus	Hi	Lo	Off
Histamine (HA)	TMN	Hi	Lo	Off
Dopamine (DA)	VTA/NC SNr	Mod	Mod	Increased
Acetylcholine (Ach)	LDT&PPT BF	Hi	Lo	Hi
Orexin (OX)	LHA	Hi	Off	Off
gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)	VLPO	Off	Hi	Hi
Adenosine	VLPO, Striatum	Not Relevant	Not Relevant	Not Relevant

TMN – tuberommillary nucleus; VTA/NC – ventral tegmental area-nucleus accubens: SNr – substantia nigra; LDT – lateral dorsal tegmentum; PPT – pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei; BF – basal forebrain; VLPO – ventral lateral preoptic nucleus