Table 2. Univariable and multivariable cause-specific hazard ratios (HRCS) including 95% confidence intervals for death and recovery.
| Univariable | Multivariable | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Death | Recovery | Death | Recovery | |
| Age (years) | 1.09 (1.08–1.11) * | 0.99 (0.98–0.99) * | 1.10 (1.08–1.12) * | 0.99 (0.98–0.99) * |
| Sex, male | 1.15 (0.88–1.52) | 0.80 (0.68–0.93) * | 1.07 (0.79–1.47) | 0.90 (0.75–1.08) |
| BMI | 0.99 (0.96–1.01) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 1.23 (0.93–1.63) | 0.89 (0.74–1.07) | 1.17 (0.86–1.59) | 0.85 (0.69–1.04) |
| Cardiovascular disease (incl. hypertension) | 1.99 (1.50–2.65) * | 0.83 (0.72–0.97) * | 1.05 (0.69–1.59) | 0.71 (0.54–0.93) * |
| Hypertension | 1.39 (1.07–1.79) * | 2.30 (1.98–2.68) * | 0.78 (0.56–1.10) | 1.15 (0.90–1.48) |
| Pulmonary disease | 1.42 (1.08–1.88) * | 1.01 (0.85–1.21) | 1.33 (0.98–1.80) | 0.88 (0.73–1.07) |
| Immunocompromised a | 1.31 (0.99–1.74) | 0.87 (0.72–1.05) | 1.46 (1.08–1.98) * | 0.76 (0.62–0.93) * |
| Chronic use of anticoagulant or antiplatelet medication | 2.23 (1.73–2.87) * | 1.01 (0.86–1.18) | 1.38 (1.01–1.88) * | 1.15 (0.93–1.43) |
| Chronic use of ACE inhibitors and/or angiotensin II receptor blockers | 1.38 (1.07–1.79) * | 0.97 (0.83–1.14) | 0.99 (0.74–1.32) | 1.09 (0.88–1.33) |
| Chest X-Ray | ||||
| Performed, not suggestive for COVID-19 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Performed, suggestive for COVID-19 | 0.96 (0.59–1.55) | 0.96 (0.71–1.28) | 1.07 (0.63–1.80) | 1.52 (1.05–2.19) * |
| Not performed | 0.76 (0.48–1.20) | 1.02 (0.75–1.39) | 0.90 (0.54–1.48) | 1.18 (0.82–1.70) |
| CT scan severity score | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) | 0.95 (0.93–0.97) * | 1.01 (0.98–1.05) | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) * |
| Symptom duration (days) | 0.98 (0.95–1.00) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) * |
| Symptoms, fever | 0.55 (0.42–0.72) * | 0.95 (0.79–1.15) | 0.70 (0.52–0.95) * | 1.05 (0.85–1.30) |
| Symptoms, dyspnea | 0.75 (0.57–0.98) * | 0.94 (0.80–1.11) | 0.77 (0.58–1.03) | 1.01 (0.84–1.21) |
| Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS) b | 1.06 (0.99–1.14) | 0.95 (0.91–1.00) * | 1.09 (1.01–1.18) * | 0.97 (0.93–1.02) |
| Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte rate c | 1.58 (1.02–2.42) * | 0.65 (0.50–0.85) * | 0.97 (0.59–1.60) | 1.01 (0.74–1.38) |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) c | 1.67 (0.76–3.65) | 0.16 (0.10–0.25) * | 6.68 (1.95–22.8) * | 0.25 (0.13–0.48) * |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) c | 5.44 (3.13–9.44) * | 0.63 (0.40–0.99) * | 1.84 (0.87–3.90) | 1.17 (0.69–1.99) |
| Procalcitonin (μg/L) c | 1.27 (0.98–1.64) | 0.78 (0.68–0.90) * | 1.04 (0.76–1.41) | 0.88 (0.75–1.03) |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) c | 1.16 (0.82–1.63) | 0.61 (0.51–0.74) * | 1.25 (0.79–2.00) | 0.88 (0.69–1.11) |
| Ferritin (μg/L) c | 0.69 (0.50–0.96) * | 0.58 (0.49–0.70) * | 0.66 (0.43–1.02) | 0.77 (0.60–0.99) * |
| D-dimer (ng/L) d | 1.10 (0.94–1.30) | 0.88 (0.83–0.93) * | 0.99 (0.84–1.16) | 0.94 (0.87–1.00) |
* Statistically significant, i.e. p<0.05.
a Immunocompromised was defined as having an hematologic malignancy, stem cell or organ transplantation, auto-immune disease, HIV/AIDS and/or use of immunosuppressive medication.
b Adjusted version of Modified Early Warning Score.
c These laboratory variables are log-transformed. HRs should be interpreted for a 10-fold increase in the concerning variable, rather than a one unit increase.
d D-dimer is determined within 24h of hospital admission.