Table 4.
Associations between Vitamin C and the Profile of Mood Scale (POMS) subscales for the Total Sample and for Different Ethnicity Groups, Unadjusted for Covariates (top), and Adjusted for Covariates (middle) and Adjusted for Covariates and Moderators (bottom).
| Tension | Depression | Anger | Fatigue | Confusion | Vigor | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted associations | b (SE) | b (SE) | b (SE) | b (SE) | b (SE) | b (SE) |
| Total Sample | 0.004 (0.008) | −0.006 (0.006) | −0.012 (0.007) † | 0.013 (0.009) | 0.001 (0.008) | −0.001 (0.009) |
| European | 0.018 (0.012) | 0.005 (0.008) | −0.011 (0.008) | 0.000 (0.012) | 0.001 (0.011) | 0.007 (0.012) |
| East Asian | −0.012 (0.020) | −0.006 (0.018) | 0.005 (0.017) | 0.011 (0.021) | 0.007 (0.020) | −0.029 (0.022) |
| Southeast/Other Asian | 0.028 (0.023) | 0.001 (0.019) | −0.007 (0.020) | 0.061 (0.032) † | 0.046 (0.022) * | −0.021 (0.026) |
| Māori/Pasifika | −0.043 (0.035) | −0.007 (0.021) | −0.007 (0.029) | −0.017 (0.042) | −0.037 (0.031) | 0.027 (0.036) |
| Other | 0.012 (0.031) | −0.010 (0.025) | −0.014 (0.027) | 0.010 (0.029) | −0.014 (0.029) | 0.049 (0.027) † |
| Adjusted associations 1 | b (SE) | b (SE) | b (SE) | b (SE) | b (SE) | b (SE) |
| Total Sample | 0.002 (0.008) | −0.006 (0.006) | −0.011 (0.007) † | 0.010 (0.009) | −0.002 (0.008) | 0.003 (0.009) |
| European | 0.021 (0.012) † | 0.009 (0.008) | −0.008 (0.008) | 0.001 (0.013) | 0.004 (0.011) | 0.008 (0.013) |
| East Asian | −0.015 (0.019) | −0.008 (0.017) | 0.003 (0.017) | 0.010 (0.022) | 0.004 (0.018) | −0.027 (0.022) |
| Southeast/Other Asian | 0.021 (0.022) | −0.003 (0.018) | −0.009 (0.020) | 0.054 (0.032) † | 0.043 (0.022) † | −0.012 (0.026) |
| Māori/Pasifika | −0.037 (0.036) | −0.007 (0.022) | −0.014 (0.029) | −0.022 (0.044) | −0.031 (0.032) | 0.027 (0.038) |
| Other | −0.003 (0.030) | −0.016 (0.024) | −0.017 (0.027) | 0.005 (0.029) | −0.029 (0.027) | 0.055 (0.028) † |
| Adjusted + Moderators 2 | b (SE) | b (SE) | b (SE) | b (SE) | b (SE) | b (SE) |
| European | 0.026 (0.018) | −0.002 (0.013) | −0.012 (0.014) | −0.008 (0.020) | 0.011 (0.016) | 0.006 (0.018) |
| East Asian | −0.005 (0.026) | −0.016 (0.019) | 0.002 (0.020) | 0.001 (0.029) | 0.016 (0.024) | −0.030 (0.027) |
| Southeast/Other Asian | 0.037 (0.029) | −0.010 (0.022) | −0.011 (0.023) | 0.051 (0.032) | 0.057 (0.027) * | −0.025 (0.030) |
| Māori/Pasifika | −0.031 (0.038) | −0.018 (0.028) | −0.010 (0.030) | −0.027 (0.042) | −0.021 (0.034) | 0.022 (0.040) |
| Other | 0.013 (0.028) | −0.022 (0.021) | −0.018 (0.022) | −0.002 (0.031) | −0.013 (0.025) | 0.050 (0.029) † |
b (SE) = unstandardised coefficient (Standard Error), † p <0.10; * p <0.05. 1 Adjusted for gender, age, and socioeconomic status. 2 Full model, adjusted for gender, age, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, gender by vitamin C, and ethnicity by vitamin C interactions, see Supplementary Tables S4, S6 and S8.