Table 8. Microscale Vegetables: Plant Species, Growth Stage, and Se Treatment (i.e., Se Source, Se Doses, and Time of Exposition) with Se Applied to the Germination Substrate.
| species | growth stage (DAS)a | Se source | dose | TSeC | organic Se | other nutritional traits | reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Graminaceae | |||||||
| Oryza sativa (rice) | 10 | sodium selenate | 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg of Se L–1 | 300–500 mg kg–1 DMb | SeMet, SeCys2, SeMetCys | ↑PAs (free and conjugated), ↓carotenoids | (77) |
| 10 | sodium selenite | 5, 10, 15, 20 and mg of Se L–1 | 300–500 mg kg–1 DM | SeMet, SeCys2, SeMetCys | ↑PAs (free and conjugated), ↓carotenoids | (77) | |
| 8 | sodium selenite | 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg of Se L–1 | 10–25 mg kg–1 DM | NAc | ≈polyphenols | (139) | |
| 1–4 | sodium selenite | 10, 20, 30, and 60 μM | ∼2 and 8 μg g–1 DM | NA | NA | (78) | |
| Secale cereale (rye) | 7 | Se oxide | 10 mg of Se L–1 | 53 μg g–1 DM | NA | ↓antioxidant activity, ≈GLSd | (80) |
| Leguminosae | |||||||
| Lupinu sangustifolius (lupin) | 5 | sodium selenite | 2, 4, 6, and 8 mg L–1 | ∼1–5 μg g–1 DM | NA | ↑antioxidant acitivity | (140) |
| 5 | sodium selenate | 2, 4, 6, and 8 mg L–1 | ∼2–14 μg g–1 DM | NA | ↑antioxidant acitivity | ||
| Medicago sativa (alfalfa) | 21 | sodium selenite sodium selenate | 1, 2.5, and 4 mg of Se L–1 | 132–284 mg kg–1 DM | SeCys2, SeMet | NA | (83) |
| Lens culinaria (lentil) | 21 | sodium selenite sodium selenate | 1, 2.5, and 4 mg of Se L–1 | 98–111 mg kg–1 DM | SeCys2, SeMet | NA | (83) |
| Glycine max (soy) | 21 | sodium selenite sodium selenate | 1, 2.5, and 4 mg of Se L–1 | 158–188 mg kg–1 DM | SeCys2, SeMet | NA | (83) |
| Brassicaceae | |||||||
| Brassica oleracea (var. italica) (broccoli) | 15 | sodium selenite | 20 μM | 801–1789 μg g–1 | SeMetCys, SeMet | ↑antioxidant acitivity, ↑GLS in some varieties | (59) |
| 7 | sodium selenite | 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100 μM | 20–185 μg g–1 DM | SeMetCys | ↓glucoraphanin | (79) | |
| 7 | sodium selenate | 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100 μM | 32–263 μg g–1 DM | SeMetCys | ≈GLS | (79) | |
| 8 | sodium selenate | 50 μM | 132 μg g–1 DM | NA | ↑antioxidant activity and phenolics | (141) | |
| 5 | sodium selenite | 100 μM | 70 μg g–1 DM | NA | ↓≈polyphenols, ↑anthocyanins, ↑flavonoids, ≈GLS (↑sulphoraphane) | (81) | |
| 5 | sodium selenate | 100 μM | 85 μg g–1 DM | NA | ↓≈polyphenols, ↑anthocyanins, ↓≈flavonoids, ≈GLS (sulphoraphane variable among cultivars) | (81) | |
| 7 | sodium selenate | 50 μM | 160 μg g–1 DM | SeMeCys | ≈GLS | (79) | |
| 7 | sodium selenate | 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 mg of Se L–1 | 467 mg kg–1 | SeMetSeMeCys | NA | (82) | |
| 7 | Se oxide | 10 mg of Se L–1 | 400 μg g–1 DM | NA | ↓antioxidant activity, ≈GLS content | (80) | |
| B. oleracea (var. botrytis) (cauliflower) | 7 | sodium selenate | 50 μM | 150–230 μg g–1 DM | SeMeCys | ↑≈total and single GLS depending on varieties | (79) |
| B. olearacea (var. acephala) (kale) | 7 | sodium selenate | 50 μM | 140–320 μg g–1 DM | SeMeCys | ≈GLS | (79) |
| B. oleracea (var. gemmifera) (Brussels sprouts) | 7 | sodium selenate | 50 μM | 80 μg g–1 DM | SeMeCys | ≈GLS | (79) |
| B. oleracea (var. capitata) (cabbage) | 7 | sodium selenate | 50 μM | 180 μg g–1 DM | SeMeCys | ≈GLS | (79) |
| B. rapa (ssp. pekinensis) (Chinese cabbage) | 7 | sodium selenate | 50 μM | 160–310 μg g–1 DM | SeMeCys | ≈GLS | (79) |
| B. chinensis (var. pekinensis) (packchoi) | 7 | sodium selenate | 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 mg of Se L–1 | 312 mg kg–1 | SeMetSeMeCys | NA | (82) |
| B. albogabra (kale) | 7 | sodium selenate | 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 mg of Se L–1 | 156 mg kg–1 | SeMetSeMeCys | NA | (82) |
| B. oleracea (var. capitata f. alba) (white cabbage) | 7 | Se oxide | 10 mg of Se L–1 | 382 μg g–1 DM | NA | ↑antioxidant activity ≈GLS content | (80) |
| Sinapis alba (mustard) | 7 | selenium oxide | 10 mg of Se L–1 | 138 μg g–1 DM | NA | ↑antioxidant activity, ≈GLS | (80) |
| Lepidium sativum (garden cress) | 5 | sodium selenite | 4 and 8 mg of Se L–1 | 21–36 μg g–1 DM | NA | ↑antioxidant acitivity, ↑GLS | (140) |
| 5 | sodium selenate | 4 and 8 mg of Se L–1 | 27–39 μg g–1 DM | NA | ↑antioxidant acitivity, ↑GLS | (140) |
a
DAS: days after sowing.
b
DM: dry matter.
c
NA: not analyzed.
d
GLS: glucosinolate content.