Table 3.
Results of two-level random intercept models examining the moderating effects of county-level physical activity PA and COVID-19 cases on COVID-19 deaths.
| Variable | Unconditional model | Full model |
|---|---|---|
| Fixed effects | ||
| Intercept | 73.09⁎⁎⁎ (5.83) | 336.47⁎⁎ (108.71) |
| Cases | 36.37⁎⁎⁎ (1.46) | |
| PA | –2.26 (1.40) | |
| Cases × PA | –5.50⁎⁎⁎ (1.12) | |
| Covariates | ||
| Fair or poor health | –0.37 (0.63) | |
| Uninsured | –1.09* (0.43) | |
| Log income | –35.41⁎⁎⁎ (8.73) | |
| Unemployed | –0.31 (1.06) | |
| Female residents | 3.38⁎⁎⁎ (0.48) | |
| White residents | –0.91⁎⁎⁎ (0.11) | |
| 65 or older | 1.95⁎⁎⁎ (0.31) | |
| Rural | 0.15⁎⁎ (0.05) | |
| Variance components | ||
| Level 1 – county-level (σ2) | 3900.76⁎⁎⁎ (99.22) | 2863.53⁎⁎⁎ (73.09) |
| Level 2 – state-level (τ00) | 1575.82⁎⁎⁎ (344.84) | 832.63⁎⁎⁎ (193.86) |
| AIC | 35,044.45 | 33,954.72 |
| BIC | 35,056.56 | 33,966.82 |
Notes: The values show mixed effects regression coefficients and their standard errors (SEs). SEs are presented in parentheses.
Abbreviations: AIC = Akaike's information criterion; BIC = Schwarz's Bayesian criterion; COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019; PA = physical activity.
⁎
p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.