Table 3.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics at Baseline
| Characteristics | Intervention Group (n=434) | Control Group (n=435) | P-valuea |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | |||
| Male/Female | 263(60.6%)/171(39.4%) | 248(57%)/187(43%) | 0.283 |
| Age (years) | 53.62±14.33 | 54.77±13.43 | 0.224 |
| Duration (years) | 6.39±5.54 | 7.88±6.13 | 0.139 |
| Education level (n) | |||
| Middle school or lower | 205(47.2%) | 184(42.3%) | 0.255 |
| High school | 133(30.6%) | 137(31.5%) | |
| College | 96(22.1%) | 114(26.2%) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.51±2.25 | 23.79±2.72 | 0.100 |
| Fasting C-peptide (nmol/L) | 0.37±0.23 | 0.35±0.21 | 0.114 |
| Numbers of OADs | |||
| 2 | 90 (20.7%) | 111 (25.5%) | 0.159 |
| 3 | 330 (76.0%) | 324 (74.5%) | |
| Type of OADs | |||
| Metformin | 377 (86.9%) | 365 (83.9%) | 0.217 |
| α-Glucosidase inhibitors | 366 (84.3%) | 360 (82.8%) | 0.532 |
| Sulfonylureas | 255 (58.8%) | 266 (61.1%) | 0.446 |
| DPP-4 inhibitors | 83 (19.1%) | 94 (21.6%) | 0.363 |
| Glinides | 56 (12.9%) | 50 (11.5%) | 0.526 |
| SGLT2 inhibitors | 33 (7.6%) | 41 (9.4%) | 0.336 |
| Comorbidity status | |||
| Hypertension | 69 (15.9%) | 76 (17.5%) | 0.534 |
| Coronary artery disease | 27 (6.2%) | 22 (5.0%) | 0.457 |
| Diabetic complication | |||
| Peripheral angiopathy | 121 (27.9%) | 115 (26.4%) | 0.632 |
| Peripheral neuropathy | 77 (17.7%) | 83 (19.0%) | 0.611 |
| Diabetic nephropathy | 57 (13.1%) | 52 (12.0%) | 0.600 |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 32 (7.4%) | 36 (8.3%) | 0.620 |
Notes: Data are expressed as the N(%), or mean ± SD. P-valuesa are for comparisons between the two groups.
Abbreviations: OADs, oral antidiabetic drugs; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; SGLT2, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2.