Table 2.
Odds ratio and their 95% confidence interval of sociodemographic and psychosocial characteristics predictors of substance use in Ghana and South Africa.
| Health Behavior | Lifetime Used Alcohol, OR (95%CI) |
Past-Month Alcohol Use, OR (95%CI) |
Past-Month Cigarette Use, OR (95%CI) |
Past-Month Marijuana Use, OR (95%CI) |
Lifetime Hard Drug Use, OR (95%CI) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ghana | South Africa | Ghana | South Africa | Ghana | South Africa | Ghana | South Africa | Ghana | South Africa | |
| Gender | ||||||||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Female | 3.2(1.5, 5.0) ** | 0.4(0.1, 1.1) | 1.5(0.8, 2.8) | 0.8(0.3, 2.4) | 1.8(1.2, 3.3) * | 1.2(0.3, 6.1) | 2.0(1.1, 3.7) * | 0.6(0.1, 3.3) | 0.4(0.2, 0.8) * | 1.2(0.8, 8.8) |
| Age | ||||||||||
| 8–10 years | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 11–14 years | 3.9(1.3, 6.2) * | 1.1(0.4, 3.2) | 1.5(0.6, 3.5) | 1.4(0.5, 3.5) | 1.4(0.6, 3.4) | 1.3(0.8, 4.8) | 2.2(0.8, 5.7) | 4.4(1.9, 8.5) * | 0.5(0.2, 1.3) | 0.8(0.5, 3.3) |
| 15 years and over | 1.9(0.7, 5.2) | 0.6(0.2, 2.3) | 2.8(1.3, 6.2) ** | 0.9(0.4, 2.5) | 1.2(0.6, 2.5) | 0.4(0.2, 1.8) | 1.2(0.5, 2.8) | 1.9(0.3, 11.8) | 0.3(0.1, 0.7) ** | 0.4(0.2, 2.7) |
| Reasons for homelessness | ||||||||||
| Family poverty | 1.2(0.4, 4.1) | 0.5(0.1, 1.8) | 0.8(0.3, 2.6) | 0.4(0.1, 1.4) | 1.7(0.6, 4.9) | 2.9(0.9, 4.9) | 0.8(0.3, 2.4) | 1.6(0.3, 8.3) | 0.7(0.2, 2.3) | 1.7(0.91, 5.3) |
| Divorce | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Sexual abuse | 1.2(0.4, 3.1) | 0.4(0.1, 1.7) | 1.5(0.6, 3.8) | 0.5(0.2, 1.5) | 1.5(0.6, 3.8) | 1.8(0.8, 2.4) | 0.7(0.3, 1.8) | 0.8(0.1, 5.1) | 0.6(0.2, 1.7) | 0.9(0.4, 4.7) |
| Physical abuse | 0.4(0.1, 2.3) | 0.8(0.3, 2.8) | 0.6(0.2, 2.3) | 1.3(0.4, 3.2) | 1.6(0.5, 5.2) | 0.4(0.2, 3.1) | 0.5(0.1, 1.7) | 0.9(0.2, 5.6) | 1.2(0.3, 5.9) | 2.1(0.6, 3.0) |
| Length of time of being homeless | ||||||||||
| <1 year | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 1–2 years | 12.1(3.8, 18.4) *** | 2.1(0.7, 6.6) | 6.5(2.7, 10.8) *** | 1.4(0.5, 3.5) | 8.7(3.2, 14.0) *** | 1.4(0.4, 2.5) | 5.20(1.9, 13.9) *** | 0.8(0.1, 10.3) | 0.5(0.2, 1.4) | 1.5(0.8 3.9) |
| 3 years and more | 0.2(0.1, 0.6) *** | 0.9(0.2. 3.2) | 0.5(0.2, 0.9) ** | 1.0(0.4, 2.5) | 0.6(0.3, 1.1) | 0.6(0.2, 1.8) | 0.9(0.4, 1.7) | 4.2(0.8, 14.5) | 0.5(0.7, 2.9) | 0.8(0.5, 4.1) |
| Traumatic risk factors | ||||||||||
| Sexual assault | 4.5(1.2, 7.6) * | 1.9(0.5, 6.8) | 4.0(1.8, 9.0) *** | 4.2(1.2, 14.6) * | 2.2(1.3, 4.3) * | 1.8(0.3, 3.1) | 4.3(1.9, 7.8) *** | 2.6(0.3, 11.6) | 2.4(1.2, 4.6) * | 1.2(0.2, 3.1) |
| Indirect sexual victimization | 6.4(1.9, 11.8) ** | 1.4(0.2, 3.8) | 6.4(2.4, 10.9) *** | 2.2(0.8, 5.7) | 9.9(3.4, 11.8) *** | 2.2(0.5, 6.4) | 11.5(3.4, 18.7) *** | 1.4(0.2, 7.0) | 1.2(0.6, 2.4) | 0.9(0.4, 1.5) |
| Physical beating | 0.2(0.1, 1.5) | 1.7(0.3, 8.8) | 0.8(0.3, 2.3) | 4.0(0.8, 5.8) | 0.4(0.1, 1.4) | 1.2(0.8, 3.3) | 0.4(0.1, 1.4) | 0.4(0.2, 2.4) | 0.5(0.2, 1.2) | 0.2(0.1, 4.4) |
| Robbery | 10.0(4.5, 12.2) ** | 5.8(1.2, 10.2) ** | 5.80(2.7, 12.2) *** | 2.9(1.4, 8.2) ** | 4.0(1.9, 8.1) *** | 0.3(0.1, 1.3) | 3.7(1.7, 8.2) *** | 7.3(2.8, 10.7) *** | 0.2(0.1, 0.3) *** | 0.6(0.3,2.3) |
| Assaulted with a weapon | 10.4(4.7, 13.1) ** | 6.4(2.5, 8.9) ** | 12.9(6.3, 16.7) *** | 2.1(0.6, 4.8) | 8.3(4.3, 11.2) *** | 2.1(0.8, 4.8) | 9.6(4.7, 13.3) *** | 2.3(0.8, 8.5) | 0.3(0.2, 0.6) ** | 0.5(0.1, 0.8) |
| Illegal income generating | ||||||||||
| Survival sex | 9.4(2.9, 13.6) *** | 0.6(0.2, 2.1) | 8.8(3.4, 13.9) *** | 1.3(0.4, 4.2) | 3.2(1.8, 7.6) *** | 0.8(0.2, 1.8) | 7.53(3.4, 13.9) ** | 1.2(0.1, 10.3) | 0.6(0.3, 1.1) | 0.8(0.4, 2.0) |
Note: * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.