Table 1.
Effects of site (S), form of N nutrition (F: urea or urea–ammonium–nitrate (UAN)) and/or biostimulant treatment (T: Glutacetine®) on grain yield, yield components and N-related traits determined by three-way analysis of variance (global ANOVA) and two-way ANOVA (for each form of N fertilizer).
| Grain Yield and Its Components | N-Related Traits | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yield (t/ha) | Spikes/m² | Grains/Spike | Grains/m² | TGW | Specific Weight | %N in Grain | %N in Straw | Total Grain N | NUE | %N in the Flag Leaf at Heading | %N in the Flag Leaf during Seed Development | Δ%N in the Flag Leaf | |||
| Global ANOVA | Site (S) | ⁎⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎⁎ | ⁎ | ⁎⁎⁎ | |
| Fertilizer (F) | ⁎⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎ | |||||||||||||
| Treatment (T) | <0.08 | <0.07 | ⁎ | ⁎ | <0.06 | <0.08 | |||||||||
| S × F | |||||||||||||||
| S × T | ⁎ | ||||||||||||||
| F × T | |||||||||||||||
| S × F × T | |||||||||||||||
| ANOVA Urea | Site | ⁎⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎⁎ | |||
| Treatment | ⁎ | ⁎ | ⁎ | ||||||||||||
| S × T | <0.08 | ||||||||||||||
| ANOVA UAN | Site | ⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎ | ⁎ | ⁎⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎⁎ | ⁎⁎⁎ | <0.08 | ⁎⁎⁎ | |
| Treatment | ⁎ | ||||||||||||||
| S × T | |||||||||||||||
⁎, ⁎⁎, ⁎⁎⁎ = significant at 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively, p > F for n = 3. ∆%N in the flag leaf corresponds to the variation of %N in the flag leaf between heading and seed development (n = 9). NUE: nitrogen use efficiency; TGW: thousand grain weight.