Table 2.
Comparing 2019 vs 2020 – inpatient.
| Variable | Response | Total |
African American |
Non-African American |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 (N= 219) | 2020 (N= 108) | p-value | 2019 (N= 101) | 2020 (N= 66) | p-value | 2019 (N= 116) | 2020 (N= 41) | p-value | ||
| Demographic information | ||||||||||
| Age | N Mean ± Std Dev | 219 66.5 ± 14.0 | 108 65.6 ± 14.2 | 0.473 | 101 64.3 ± 12.9 | 66 63.2 ± 12.8 | 0.594 | 116 68.2 ± 14.7 | 41 69.5 ± 15.7 | 0.629 |
| Gender | Female | 94 (43%) | 47 (44%) | >.99 | 51 (50%) | 27 (41%) | 0.268 | 42 (36%) | 20 (49%) | 0.194 |
| Male | 125 (57%) | 61 (56%) | 50 (50%) | 39 (59%) | 74 (64%) | 21 (51%) | ||||
| Race | African American | 101 (46%) | 66 (61%) | 0.011 | ||||||
| Caucasian | 107 (49%) | 41 (38%) | ||||||||
| Other | 9 (4%) | 0 (0%) | ||||||||
| Unknown | 2 (1%) | 1 (1%) | ||||||||
| African American | Yes | 101 (47%) | 66 (62%) | 0.012 | ||||||
| No | 116 (54%) | 41 (38%) | ||||||||
| Campus | HFHMC | 177 (81%) | 81 (75%) | 0.250 | 90 (89%) | 59 (89%) | >.99 | 85 (73%) | 22 (54%) | 0.031 |
| WBH | 42 (19%) | 27 (25%) | 11 (11%) | 7 (11%) | 31 (27%) | 19 (46%) | ||||
| Insurance type | Medicare plus others | 137 (63%) | 68 (63%) | 0.982 | 59 (58%) | 41 (62%) | 0.864 | 77 (66%) | 27 (66%) | 0.852 |
| Private | 37 (17%) | 17 (16%) | 13 (13%) | 8 (12%) | 23 (20%) | 8 (20%) | ||||
| Medicaid only | 42 (19%) | 22 (20%) | 27 (27%) | 17 (26%) | 15 (13%) | 5 (12%) | ||||
| None | 3 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 2 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | 1 (2%) | ||||
| Past Medical History/Comorbidities | ||||||||||
| Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter | 34 (16%) | 9 (8%) | 0.082 | 11 (11%) | 4 (6%) | 0.408 | 23 (20%) | 5 (12%) | 0.347 | |
| CAD/prior MI | 36 (16%) | 20 (19%) | 0.642 | 17 (17%) | 10 (15%) | 0.833 | 18 (16%) | 10 (24%) | 0.237 | |
| Carotid Stenosis | 5 (2%) | 1 (1%) | 0.668 | 2 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 0.519 | 3 (3%) | 1 (2%) | >.99 | |
| Dyslipidemia | 100 (46%) | 44 (41%) | 0.410 | 46 (46%) | 25 (38%) | 0.342 | 53 (46%) | 19 (46%) | >.99 | |
| Hypertension | 171 (78%) | 87 (81%) | 0.667 | 86 (85%) | 55 (83%) | 0.828 | 83 (72%) | 32 (78%) | 0.539 | |
| Previous Stroke | 61 (28%) | 23 (21%) | 0.227 | 29 (29%) | 13 (20%) | 0.207 | 32 (28%) | 10 (24%) | 0.838 | |
| Previous TIA | 13 (6%) | 5 (5%) | 0.798 | 5 (5%) | 2 (3%) | 0.705 | 8 (7%) | 3 (7%) | >.99 | |
| Depression | 27 (12%) | 13 (12%) | >.99 | 12 (12%) | 6 (9%) | 0.620 | 15 (13%) | 7 (17%) | 0.601 | |
| Heart Failure | 24 (11%) | 7 (6%) | 0.232 | 12 (12%) | 6 (9%) | 0.620 | 11 (9%) | 1 (2%) | 0.187 | |
| Obesity/Overweight | 140 (64%) | 63 (58%) | 0.335 | 66 (65%) | 40 (61%) | 0.622 | 73 (63%) | 22 (54%) | 0.354 | |
| Smoker | 58 (26%) | 34 (31%) | 0.362 | 36 (36%) | 23 (35%) | >.99 | 22 (19%) | 11 (27%) | 0.372 | |
| Family History of Stroke | 29 (13%) | 14 (13%) | >.99 | 14 (14%) | 8 (12%) | 0.818 | 15 (13%) | 6 (15%) | 0.792 | |
| PVD | 10 (5%) | 3 (3%) | 0.556 | 8 (8%) | 1 (2%) | 0.089 | 2 (2%) | 2 (5%) | 0.279 | |
| Sleep Apnea | 14 (6%) | 6 (6%) | >.99 | 8 (8%) | 3 (5%) | 0.530 | 6 (5%) | 3 (7%) | 0.698 | |
| DVT/PE | 4 (2%) | 6 (6%) | 0.087 | 1 (1%) | 3 (5%) | 0.302 | 3 (3%) | 3 (7%) | 0.184 | |
| Drugs/Alcohol Abuse | 16 (7%) | 14 (13%) | 0.106 | 8 (8%) | 10 (15%) | 0.201 | 8 (7%) | 4 (10%) | 0.513 | |
| In-hospital information | ||||||||||
| Place of first care at HFH | Direct Admit, not through ED | 57 (26%) | 19 (18%) | 0.095 | 13 (13%) | 11 (17%) | 0.507 | 43 (38%) | 8 (20%) | 0.035 |
| Emergency Department/Urgent Care | 160 (74%) | 89 (82%) | 88 (87%) | 55 (83%) | 71 (62%) | 33 (80%) | ||||
| Method of Arrival | EMS from home/scene | 61 (28%) | 55 (51%) | <.001 | 40 (40%) | 36 (55%) | 0.124 | 21 (18%) | 18 (44%) | 0.008 |
| Private transport/taxi/other from home/scene | 66 (30%) | 23 (21%) | 38 (38%) | 16 (24%) | 28 (24%) | 7 (17%) | ||||
| Transfer from other hospital | 91 (42%) | 30 (28%) | 23 (23%) | 14 (21%) | 66 (57%) | 16 (39%) | ||||
| NIHSS at Admission | N Median (IQR) | 195 3 (1, 6) | 91 5 (3, 10) | 0.002 | 92 3 (1, 6) | 53 5 (3, 10) | 0.005 | 102 2 (0, 7) | 37 5 (1, 11) | 0.165 |
| Stroke type | ICH/SAH | 29 (13%) | 23 (21%) | 0.076 | 12 (12%) | 18 (27%) | 0.014 | 15 (13%) | 5 (12%) | >.99 |
| AIS/TIA | 190 (87%) | 85 (79%) | 89 (88%) | 48 (73%) | 101 (87%) | 36 (88%) | ||||
| AIS Etiology | Large-artery atherosclerosis | 33 (20%) | 22 (28%) | 0.216 | 14 (18%) | 12 (27%) | 0.303 | 19 (22%) | 10 (31%) | 0.585 |
| Cardio-embolism | 40 (24%) | 18 (23%) | 18 (23%) | 9 (20%) | 22 (25%) | 9 (28%) | ||||
| Small-vessel disease | 28 (17%) | 6 (8%) | 18 (23%) | 5 (11%) | 10 (11%) | 1 (3%) | ||||
| Stroke of other determined etiology | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | ||||
| Cryptogenic Stroke | 63 (38%) | 32 (41%) | 28 (36%) | 19 (42%) | 35 (40%) | 12 (38%) | ||||
| Time Since Last Known Well to arrival (Hours)1 | N Median (IQR) | 102 6.3 (1.4, 24) | 64 13.4 (2.7, 35.9) | 0.089 | 66 6.2 (1.7, 23.7) | 41 13.6 (3.9, 38.8) | 0.062 | 36 6.4 (0.9, 30.7) | 22 12.1 (1.7, 34.1) | 0.633 |
| Time from Arrival to Initial Brain Imaging (Minutes)1 | N Median (IQR) | 122 41 (23, 159) | 78 40.5 (18, 144) | 0.145 | 78 42 (23, 166) | 52 54.5 (19, 149) | 0.284 | 44 37 (22.5, 129.5) | 25 24 (15, 100) | 0.198 |
| Time from Arrival to Stroke Team Activation (Minutes)1 | N Median (IQR) | 47 14 (9, 23) | 17 8 (7, 14) | 0.049 | 34 14.5 (9, 23) | 11 8 (6, 12) | 0.020 | 13 14 (9, 22) | 5 8 (7, 17) | 0.628 |
| Time from Arrival to ED Physician Assessment (Minutes)1 | N Median (IQR) | 116 14 (6.5, 23) | 77 13 (5, 23) | 0.122 | 76 14.5 (4.5, 66) | 52 17 (9, 30) | 0.608 | 40 13.5 (7, 31) | 24 6.5 (1.5, 15.1) | 0.015 |
| CT Perfusion | 36 (16%) | 21 (19%) | 0.536 | 20 (20%) | 14 (21%) | 0.846 | 16 (14%) | 7 (17%) | 0.613 | |
| DSA | 5 (2%) | 6 (6%) | 0.188 | 1 (1%) | 1 (2%) | >.99 | 4 (3%) | 5 (12%) | 0.053 | |
| CTA | 101 (46%) | 59 (55%) | 0.159 | 58 (57%) | 37 (56%) | 0.874 | 43 (37%) | 21 (51%) | 0.140 | |
| MRA | 20 (9%) | 10 (9%) | >.99 | 9 (9%) | 7 (11%) | 0.790 | 11 (9%) | 3 (7%) | >.99 | |
| Discharge information | ||||||||||
| Discharge NIHSS for stroke and TIA patients | N Median (IQR) | 137 2 (0, 3) | 53 3 (1, 6) | 0.004 | 741 (0, 3) | 36 3.5 (2, 7) | <.001 | 63 2 (0, 3) | 17 1 (0, 5) | 0.538 |
| mRS at Discharge (0-2 vs 3-5 vs died) for AIS and TIA patients | 0–2 (Favorable) | 109 (59%) | 41 (50%) | 0.1542 | 55 (64%) | 23 (49%) | 0.173 | 54 (55%) | 17 (50%) | 0.036 |
| 3–5 (Unfavorable) | 71 (39%) | 36 (44%) | 28 (33%) | 23 (49%) | 43 (44%) | 13 (38%) | ||||
| Died | 4 (2%) | 5 (6%) | 3 (3%) | 1 (2%) | 1 (1%) | 4 (12%) | ||||
| Length of stay (Hours) | N Median (IQR) | 219 91.1 (51.1, 188.2) | 108 96.5 (51.1, 194.8) | 0.748 | 101 109.1 (53.8, 183.6) | 66 101.6 (58.7, 211.6) | 0.999 | 116 85.4 (47.8, 193.8) | 41 84.1 (41.5, 148.8) | 0.356 |
| Disposition | Home | 130 (59%) | 56 (52%) | 0.0553 | 60 (59%) | 31 (47%) | 0.329 | 69 (59%) | 24 (59%) | 0.087 |
| Hospice - Home | 2 (1%) | 4 (4%) | 1 (1%) | 3 (5%) | 1 (1%) | 1 (2%) | ||||
| Hospice - Health Care Facility | 4 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (3%) | 0 (0%) | ||||
| Acute Care Facility | 2 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | ||||
| Other Health Care Facility | 69 (32%) | 36 (33%) | 33 (33%) | 26 (39%) | 36 (31%) | 10 (24%) | ||||
| Expired | 8 (4%) | 11 (10%) | 4 (4%) | 5 (8%) | 3 (3%) | 6 (15%) | ||||
| Left AMA | 4 (2%) | 1 (1%) | 2 (2%) | 1 (2%) | 2 (2%) | 0 (0%) | ||||
| Type of Rehabilitation | Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility (IRF) | 24 (35%) | 15 (42%) | 0.728 | 12 (36%) | 11 (42%) | 0.893 | 12 (33%) | 4 (40%) | >.99 |
| Long Term Care Hospital (LTCH) | 4 (6%) | 1 (3%) | 1 (3%) | 1 (4%) | 3 (8%) | 0 (0%) | ||||
| Skilled Nursing Facility (SNF) | 41 (59%) | 20 (56%) | 20 (61%) | 14 (54%) | 21 (58%) | 6 (60%) | ||||
1
Does not include patients transferred from other hospitals.
2
p =0.958 for favorable (mRS 0-2) vs unfavorable (mRS 3-6) after adjusting for age, sex, race, hospital and NIHSS at admission.
3
p =0.301 for home/left AMA vs care facility vs hospice/death after adjusting for age, sex, race, hospital and NIHSS at admission.