Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants categorised according to their willingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccination.
| All participants (N = 1720) | Willing to vaccinate (n = 1655) | Not willing to vaccinate (n = 65) | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 33 (9) | 33 (9) | 32 (9) | 0.460 |
| Sex (female) | 1050 (61.0) | 1009 (61.0) | 41 (63.1) | 0.732 |
| Country | 0.163 | |||
| India | 406 (23.6) | 378 (23.4) | 19 (29.2) | |
| China | 303 (17.6) | 288 (17.4) | 15 (23.1) | |
| Vietnam | 472 (27.4) | 463 (28.0) | 9 (13.8) | |
| Indonesia | 430 (25.0) | 411 (24.8) | 19 (29.2) | |
| Singapore | 61 (3.5) | 58 (3.5) | 3 (4.6) | |
| Bhutan | 47 (2.7) | 47 (2.8) | 0 | |
| Marital status | 0.678 | |||
| Single | 627 (36.5) | 598 (36.1) | 29 (44.6) | |
| Married | 1054 (61.3) | 1019 (61.6) | 35 (53.8) | |
| Separated | 8 (0.5) | 8 (0.5) | 0 | |
| Divorced | 27 (1.6) | 26 (1.6) | 1 (1.5) | |
| Widow | 4 (0.2) | 4 (0.2) | 0 | |
| Has children or dependents | 823 (47.8) | 800 (48.3) | 23 (35.4) | 0.040 |
| Smoking status | 0.922 | |||
| Current | 79 (4.6) | 79 (4.6) | 3 (4.6) | |
| Ex-smoker | 128 (7.4) | 124 (7.5) | 4 (6.2) | |
| Non-smoker | 1513 (88.0) | 1455 (87.9) | 58 (89.2) | |
| Housing | 0.724 | |||
| 1-room flat | 165 (9.6) | 158 (9.5) | 7 (10.8) | |
| 2 room flat | 166 (9.7) | 162 (9.8) | 4 (6.2) | |
| 3-room flat | 302 (17.6) | 287 (17.3) | 15 (23.1) | |
| 4-room flat | 83 (4.8) | 82 (5.0) | 1 (1.5) | |
| 5-room flat | 52 (3.0) | 50 (3.0) | 2 (3.1) | |
| Condominium | 75 (4.4) | 72 (4.4) | 3 (4.6) | |
| Landed housing | 877 (51.0) | 844 (51.0) | 33 (50.8) | |
| Religion | 0.979 | |||
| Non-religious | 720 (41.9) | 699 (42.2) | 21 (32.3) | |
| Christianity | 104 (6.0) | 98 (5.9) | 6 (9.2) | |
| Islam | 412 (23.9) | 395 (23.8) | 17 (26.2) | |
| Buddhism | 113 (6.6) | 110 (6.6) | 3 (4.6) | |
| Daoism | 3 (0.2) | 3 (0.2) | 0 | |
| Hinduism | 352 (20.6) | 334 (20.3) | 18 (27.7) | |
| Confucianism | 2 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | 0 | |
| Others | 14 (0.8) | 14 (0.8) | 0 | |
| Currently employed during pandemic | ||||
| Annual household income | 0.095 | |||
| Less than USD $25,000 | 1349 (78.4) | 1301(78.6) | 48 (73.8) | |
| USD $25,000–34.999 | 148 (8.6) | 141 (8.5) | 7 (10.8) | |
| USD $35,000–49,999 | 69 (4.0) | 62 (3.7) | 7 (10.8) | |
| USD $50,000–74,999 | 60 (3.5) | 60 (3.6) | 0 | |
| USD $75,000–99,999 | 39 (2.3) | 38 (2.3) | 1 (1.5) | |
| More than USD $100,000 | 55 (3.2) | 53 (3.2) | 2 (3.1) | |
| Education level | 0.312 | |||
| No formal education | 5 (0.3) | 5 (0.3) | 0 | |
| Less than high school | 2 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | 0 | |
| High school | 84 (4.9) | 84 (5.1) | 0 | |
| Undergraduate | 698 (40.5) | 667 (40.3) | 31 (47.7) | |
| Postgraduate | 180 (10.5) | 177 (10.7) | 3 (4.6) | |
| Occupation | 0.269 | |||
| Physician | 892 (51.8) | 859 (51.9) | 33 (50.7) | |
| Nurse | 404 (23.5) | 389 (23.5) | 15 (23.1) | |
| Allied healthcare | 184 (5.1) | 179 (10.8) | 5 (7.7) | |
| Medical students | 19 (1.1) | 18 (1.1) | 1 (1.5) | |
| Technician | 55 (3.2) | 52 (3.1) | 3 (4.6) | |
| Clerical staff | 14 (0.8) | 14 (0.8) | 0 | |
| Administrator | 69 (4.0) | 65 (3.9) | 4 (6.2) | |
| Maintenance worker | 12 (0.7) | 10 (0.6) | 2 (3.1) | |
| Others | 71 (4.1) | 69 (4.2) | 2 (3.1) | |
| Presence of medical condition | 213 (12.4) | 203 (12.3) | 10 (15.4) | 0.454 |
| Hypertension | 108 (6.3) | 101 (6.1) | 7 (10.8) | 0.128 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 192 (11.2) | 182 (11.0) | 10 (15.4) | 0.271 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 44 (2.6) | 41 (2.5) | 3 (4.6) | 0.284 |
| Previous myocardial infarction | 15 (0.9) | 13 (0.8) | 2 (3.1) | 0.051 |
| Previous heart failure | 3 (0.2) | 1 (0.1) | 2 (3.1) | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 45 (2.6) | 42 (2.5) | 3 (4.6) | 0.303 |
| Other heart problems | 33 (1.9) | 30 (1.8) | 3 (4.6) | 0.106 |
| Asthma | 84 (4.9) | 75 (4.5) | 9 (13.8) | <0.001 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 10 (0.6) | 9 (0.5) | 1 (1.5) | 0.301 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 25 (1.5) | 24 (1.5) | 1 (1.5) | 0.953 |
| Other lung problems | 35 (2.0) | 33 (2.0) | 2 (3.1) | 0.544 |
| Cancer | 11 (0.6) | 10 (0.6) | 1 (1.5) | 0.354 |
| Anxiety | 171 (9.9) | 161 (9.7) | 10 (15.3) | 0.135 |
| On long-term medications | 493 (28.7) | 472 (28.5) | 21 (32.3) | 0.508 |
| On private health insurance | 854 (49.7) | 830 (50.2) | 24 (36.9) | 0.111 |
| Engages in regular physical activity | 747 (43.4) | 731 (44.2) | 16 (24.6) | 0.002 |
p < 0.05 denotes statistical significance.