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. 2020 Jun 23;41(4):813–826. doi: 10.1007/s10571-020-00888-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — ABA inducing autophagy and activates the MAPK signalling pathway independent of beclin 1 RNA interference (siRNA) in glioblastoma cells. a, b Representative transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of autophagic vacuoles (arrows). Regions within the boxes are magnified in the insets indicating the double-membrane autophagosomes. Scale bars: 500 nm. Right panels in a and b show the quantification of ABA-induced autophagic vacuoles/μm²/cell with or without siRNA against beclin 1 in a U87 MG and b A172 cells. c–f ABA-induced expression of MAPK signalling pathway effectors independent of beclin 1 silencing in U87 (c, e) and A172 (e, f) cells measured by Western blotting. Values represent the mean ± SEM. **P < 0.01, n = 3