Fig. 1.

COVID-19 patients exhibit high concentrations of cytokines and augmented lipid peroxidation. Plasma was obtained from healthy controls and COVID-19 patients; cytokines were measured by ELISA and lipid peroxidation was determined by malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, which is an end product of lipid peroxidation and indicative of oxidative stress. (A) IL-6, (B) IL1-β, (C) TNF-α and (D) MDA in plasma from healthy controls (n = 7) and COVID-19 patients (n = 20). Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Student's t-test. *p < 0.05; ns: non-significant.