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. 2021 Mar 26;12:1922. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-22202-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Study design. Students enrolled in an introduction to computer science course underwent six fMRI scans throughout the course. During the first five scans, students were shown course lecture videos. On the final scan (bottom), students were shown lecture recaps and given a final exam. Experts underwent the final scan only. See Table 1 for stimuli and task details. b Exam scores. Pretest (left) was performed prior to scanning, posttest (right) was performed during scan 6. Individual students (n = 20) are shown in gray. Error bar, ±1 s.e.m.